Table 5.
Fatty acid profile (mg/g lipid) of the liver in gilthead seabream fed the control and two basal diets supplemented with a mixture of pungent spices (capsicum, black pepper, ginger, and cinnamaldehyde) at a dietary inclusion level of 0.1 (SPICY0.1%) and 0.15% (SPICY0.15%).
| Control | SPICY0.1% | SPICY0.15% | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Myristic acid (C14:0) | 8.61 ± 2.87 | 6.96 ± 2.62 | 8.66 ± 1.59 |
| Pentadecylic acid (C15:0) | 1.47 ± 0.29 | 1.35 ± 0.31 | 1.27 ± 0.25 |
| Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 125.93 ± 2.91 | 117.43 ± 9.82 | 132.13 ± 9.26 |
| Stearic acid (C18:0) | 46.63 ± 2.66 | 50.24 ± 6.98 | 52.10 ± 5.64 |
| Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) | 176.52 ± 19.53 | 179.57 ± 13.97 | 197.27 ± 12.73 |
| Palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7) | 26.20 ± 4.93 | 24.56 ± 2.82 | 28.42 ± 1.74 |
| Vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7) | 34.41 ± 3.06 | 33.67 ± 8.12 | 35.80 ± 5.39 |
| Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) | 238.38 ± 8.25 | 246.14 ± 35.72 | 261.72 ± 30.28 |
| Eicosenoic acid (C20:1 n-9) | 4.08 ± 0.39 | 5.06 ± 1.96 | 4.43 ± 0.77 |
| Nervionic acid (C24:1 n-9) | 1.76 ± 0.15 | 1.99 ± 0.37 | 1.93 ± 0.33 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) | 307.14 ± 13.72 | 311.83 ± 44.12 | 332.29 ± 36.43 |
| Linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) | 126.14 ± 6.76 | 124.04 ± 10.12 | 138.17 ± 9.49 |
| Gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-6) | 6.94 ± 1.24 | 7.84 ± 2.32 | 7.10 ± 0.77 |
| Arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6; ARA) | 4.47 ± 0.73 | 5.02 ± 0.73 | 5.47 ± 0.37 |
| n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) | 137.90 ± 5.82 | 136.90 ± 12.21 | 150.74 ± 9.92 |
| Alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) | 8.48 ± 0.35 | 8.06 ± 0.53 | 8.99 ± 0.38 |
| Stearidonic acid (C18:4 n-3) | 1.52 ± 0.04 | 1.43 ± 0.26 | 1.73 ± 0.22 |
| Eicosatetraenoic acid (C20:4 n-3) | 1.67 ± 0.22 | 1.75 ± 0.13 | 1.81 ± 0.16 |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3; EPA) | 15.17 ± 0.39 | 15.48 ± 1.39 | 16.96 ± 1.80 |
| Docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-3) | 7.96 ± 1.10 | 9.02 ± 1.93 | 8.92 ± 0.49 |
| Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3; DHA) | 15.85 ± 2.21a | 17.77 ± 0.63ab | 20.80 ± 2.58b |
| n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) | 49.15 ± 4.88a | 53.65 ± 2.72ab | 59.21 ± 4.61b |
| Total PUFAs | 189.48 ± 5.85 | 190.55 ± 14.73 | 209.95 ± 14.45 |
| DHA/EPA | 1.11 ± 0.09 | 1.15 ± 0.07 | 1.23 ± 0.09 |
| EPA + DHA | 32.05 ± 0.81 | 33.24 ± 1.95 | 37.76 ± 4.15 |
| n6/n3 | 2.67 ± 0.12 | 2.55 ± 0.12 | 2.55 ± 0.06 |
Non-represented fatty acids were not detected in the analysis. Values are represented as mean ± SD (n = 4 tanks per dietary group) and differences among groups (p ≤ 0.05) are indicated by the different superscript letters.