Figure 1. Ginger suppresses NETosis in response to various stimuli.

Human neutrophils were isolated from healthy volunteers and then treated with various stimuli for 3 hours in the presence of different concentrations of ginger. NETosis was quantified by measuring the enzymatic activity of nuclease-liberated MPO. (A and B) Ginger extract dose response in the setting of PMA- and RNP/anti-RNP immune complex–mediated NETosis. (C and D) NETosis in response to APS IgG was quantified in the presence of 10 μg/mL ginger and assessed by either enzymatic activity of nuclease-liberated MPO (C) or immunofluorescence microscopy (D). Blue = DNA, green = extracellular neutrophil elastase, and scale bar = 100 μm. For panels A–C, mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) are presented for n = 3 independent experiments; **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 by 1-way ANOVA corrected with Dunnett’s test.