Figure 6. Administration of a ginger extract to healthy individuals at a second site boosts neutrophil cAMP and reduces ex vivo NETosis.

Eight participants who denied recent exposure to ginger supplements or ginger-containing foods consumed a 100 mg ginger extract once daily for 7 days. (A and B) Levels of cAMP were assessed in neutrophils and PBMCs. (C and D) Neutrophils were isolated from participants and stimulated with either RNP/anti-RNP immune complexes (10 μg/mL) or PMA (100 nM). NETosis was quantified by measuring extracellular DNA, and data are presented as fold activation relative to unstimulated control neutrophils. (E) NET levels in plasma were assessed by measuring MPO-DNA complexes. For all panels, *P < 0.05 by 1-way ANOVA corrected with Dunnett’s test.