Table 2.
Regression Coefficients From Discontinuous Multilevel Models Predicting Depressive Symptoms, Health and Retirement Study, 1998 to 2016 (N = 113,284 person-waves)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Initial status | Rate of change | Initial status | Rate of change |
| Intercept | 4.773* (0.403) |
−0.091* (0.017) |
4.759* (0.403) |
−0.091* (0.017) |
| Time-invariant covariates | ||||
| Bereaved group | 0.268* (0.081) |
−0.004 (0.004) |
0.305* (0.084) |
−0.006 (0.005) |
| Age at baseline | −0.016** (0.005) |
0.001* (0.000) |
−0.016** (0.005) |
0.001* (0.000) |
| Women | 0.293* (0.036) |
−0.004* (0.002) |
0.293* (0.036) |
−0.004* (0.002) |
| Black | 0.309* (0.053) |
−0.011* (0.003) |
0.310* (0.053) |
−0.011* (0.003) |
| Hispanic | 0.356* (0.073) |
−0.008* (0.004) |
0.354* (0.073) |
−0.008* (0.004) |
| Other racial/ethnic groups | 0.439* (0.116) |
−0.011 (0.006) |
0.439* (0.116) |
-0.011 (0.006) |
| Years of education | −0.110* (0.007) |
0.001** (0.000) |
−0.110* (0.007) |
0.001** (0.000) |
| HRS cohort | 0.129 (0.093) |
−0.010** (0.004) |
0.123 (0.093) |
−0.010** (0.004) |
| Warbabies cohort | 0.185 (0.121) |
−0.003 (0.006) |
0.181 (0.121) |
−0.003 (0.006) |
| Boomer cohort | 0.330** (0.118) |
−0.008 (0.006) |
0.327** (0.118) |
−0.007 (0.006) |
| Number of children | 0.033** (0.012) |
−0.002** (0.001) |
0.032** (0.012) |
−0.002** (0.001) |
| Experienced child death before age 50 | 0.286* (0.066) |
−0.008** (0.003) |
0.287* (0.066) |
−0.008** (0.003) |
| Social visit with neighbors at baseline | −0.112** (0.035) |
−0.001 (0.002) |
−0.110** (0.035) |
−0.001 (0.002) |
| Doing volunteer work at baseline | −0.362* (0.035) |
0.003 (0.002) |
−0.359* (0.035) |
0.003 (0.002) |
| Time-varying covariates | ||||
| Logged household income | −0.074* (0.012) |
0.000 (0.001) |
−0.075* (0.012) |
0.000 (0.001) |
| Married | −0.732* (0.042) |
0.012* (0.002) |
−0.732* (0.042) |
0.012* (0.002) |
| Other losses | −0.036 (0.022) |
0.002 (0.001) |
−0.036 (0.022) |
0.002 (0.001) |
| Chronic conditions | 0.086* (0.022) |
0.002** (0.001) |
0.087* (0.022) |
0.002** (0.001) |
| Transition to child bereavement | 0.249* (0.056) |
0.343* (0.064) |
||
| Years since bereavement | −0.031* (0.009) |
−0.035* (0.011) |
||
| Years since bereavement, squared | 0.001** (0.000) |
0.001** (0.000) |
||
| Social visit with neighbors after bereavement | −0.088 (0.046) |
|||
| Doing volunteer work after bereavement | −0.144** (0.051) |
|||
| Years since social visit after bereavement | 0.017 (0.017) |
|||
| Years since volunteer work after bereavement | −0.003 (0.015) |
|||
| Variance components | ||||
| Within-person | 1.628* (0.017) |
1.628* (0.017) |
||
| Initial status (1) | 18.240* (0.810) |
18.214* (0.810) |
||
| Rate of change (2) | 0.003* (0.000) |
0.003* (0.000) |
||
| Covariance between (1) and (2) | −1.959* (0.027) |
−1.959* (0.027) |
||
| Log likelihood | −206,824.881 | −206,816.366 | ||
Notes: All models include dichotomous indicators adjusting for attrition. Robust standard errors are shown in parentheses. HRS = Health and Retirement Study.
***p < .001. **p < .01. *p < .05.