Figure 5.

Observed effect sizes for each individual study by internal details (left) and external details (right) for aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Each study is represented by a filled dot. Circles reflect group-level average Hedges’ g with standard error bars represented. There were large effects for internal details in all three comparisons, with a graded increase in effect size evident for AD versus MCI. External details were elevated in aging, MCI, and eliminated in AD. (Note that effects for MCI and AD are relative to age-matched comparison groups, isolating the effects of clinical classification from aging effects. In other words, MCI and AD effects would appear larger against a younger demographic, as is the case for our aging analysis.)