Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of study households.
| Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | Mean | SD | |
| Total children | 1,004 | – | – | – |
| Sex | – | – | ||
| Male | 479 | 47.2 | ||
| Female | 537 | 52.6 | ||
| Number of HIV positive children | 18 | 2.0 | – | – |
| Number of children with a positive TB history | 1 | 0.1 | – | – |
| Number of children with any past medical historya | 31 | 3.0 | – | – |
| Number of children with a history of hospitalization for malnutrition | 12 | 1.2 | – | – |
| Severe thinness across all age groupsb | 31 | 3.6 | – | – |
| Moderate thinness across all age groupsb | 45 | 5.2 | – | – |
| Normal weight | 639 | 73.3 | – | – |
| Overweight/obese | 75 | 8.6 | – | – |
| Moderate stunting | 180 | 20.0 | – | – |
| Severe stunting | 119 | 13.4 | – | – |
| Total households (n = 393) | ||||
| Number of family members in household | – | – | 5.6 | 0.11 |
| Presence of any family member with HIV | 77 | 19.6 | 1.2 | 0.02 |
| Presence of any family member with TB | 17 | 4.4 | 1.0 | 0.01 |
| Access to clean water | 365 | 93.1 | 0.9 | 0.01 |
| Role of respondent (n = 391) | ||||
| Mother | 304 | 77.8 | – | – |
| Father | 38 | 9.7 | – | – |
| Grandparent | 16 | 4.1 | – | – |
| Child | 19 | 4.9 | – | – |
| Other | 14 | 3.6 | – | – |
| Income level of household (n = 389) | ||||
| <1,000 kwachac | 216 | 55.5 | – | – |
| 1,000–2,400 kwacha | 131 | 33.7 | – | – |
| >2,500 kwacha | 42 | 10.8 | – | – |
| Occupation of respondent (n = 392) | ||||
| Unemployed | 109 | 27.8 | – | – |
| Business owner | 108 | 27.6 | – | – |
| Casual worker (maid or gardener) | 83 | 21.2 | – | – |
| Wage employment | 52 | 13.3 | – | – |
| Self-employed | 35 | 8.9 | – | – |
| Other | 5 | 1.3 | – | – |
| Education level of respondent (n = 389) | ||||
| None | 23 | 5.9 | – | – |
| Some/completed primary school education | 171 | 44.0 | – | – |
| Some/completed secondary/high school | 181 | 46.5 | – | – |
| Tertiary education | 12 | 3.1 | – | – |
| Other (literacy class, religious school) | 2 | 0.5 | – | – |
| Water, sanitation, and hygiene | ||||
| Access to clean water for washing hands (n = 392) | 369 | 94.1 | – | |
| Access to clean water for cooking (n = 392) | 365 | 93.1 | – | |
| Water source (n = 393) | ||||
| Borehole | 113 | 28.7 | – | – |
| Communal tap | 86 | 21.9 | – | – |
| Protected dug well | 17 | 4.3 | – | – |
| Tapped running water | 155 | 39.4 | – | – |
| Other | 22 | 5.6 | – | – |
| Soap in the household (n = 390) | ||||
| Yes | 292 | 74.9 | – | – |
| No | 98 | 25.1 | – | – |
| Number of children in each compound (n = 994) | ||||
| Linda | 296 | 29.8 | – | – |
| Kuzimbva | 263 | 26.5 | – | – |
| Mwembeshi | 239 | 24.0 | – | – |
| Freedom | 196 | 19.7 | – | – |
aHistory of medical problems include: asthma, neuro-related disorders (autism, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy), kidney problems, and sickle cell disease.
bAnalysis were run using both BMI for age across all age groups (6 months-19 years) and WHZ in children under 5 and BMI for age in children 5-19 years and results were unchanged.
c18.38 kwacha = 1 USD as of Feb 4, 2022.