Table 2.
Summary of nano/micromaterials used to induce ferroptosis, including magnetic nanomedicine, tumor model, ferroptotic cargos, mechanism of action (ferroptosis), and compatible imaging type.
| Magnetic nanoparticles | Tumor model | Ferroptotic cargos | Mechanism of action | Diagnostic imaging | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magnetic field targeted ferroptosis | Fe3O4@mSiO2-ANG exosome | Brain cancer | Fe3O4 NPs | DHODH disruption | FI | [104] |
| GPX4 inhibition | ||||||
| Magnetic field triggered ferroptosis | PLGA-Fe3O4 NPs with AA | Prostate cancer | Fe3O4 NPs | Fenton reaction | MRI (T2) | [105] |
| MRI-guided ferroptosis | Engineered magnetosomes | Breast cancer | Fe3O4 NPs | Fenton reaction | MRI (T2) | [106] |
| Fe3+/Gd3+-chelated polymer | Breast cancer | Fe3+ ions | Fenton reaction | MRI (T1) | [107] | |
| Cisplatin- Fe3O4/Gd2O3 hybrid NPs | Brain cancer | Fe3O4 NPs | Fenton reaction | MRI (T1) | [108] | |
| DOX-tannic acid-Fe3+ | Melanoma | Fe3+ ions | Fenton reaction | MRI (T1) | [109] | |
| DOX-Gd2O3–Fe3O4 NPs | Breast cancer | Fe3O4 NPs | Fenton reaction | MRI (T1&T2) | [110] | |
| Gemcitabine-loaded carbonaceous NPs | Pancreatic cancer | MnFe2O4 | Fenton reaction, GPX4 inhibition | MRI (T2) | [111] | |
| Fe3O4 NPs-gelatin microsphere | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Fe3O4 NPs | Fenton reaction | MRI (T2) | [112] | |
| Arginine-rich manganese silicate nanobubbles | Liver cancer | MnOx | GSH depletion, GPX4 inhibition | MRI (T1) | [113] | |
| FePt-MOF | Breast cancer | Fe ions | Fenton reaction | MRI (T2), CT | [114] | |
| SRF/Fe3O4 NPs-PDA NPs | Rectal cancer | Fe3O4 NPs | Fenton reaction, GPX4 inhibition | MRI (T2) | [115] | |
| Fe3O4–Gd2O3 nanopeanuts | Prostate cancer | Fe3O4 NPs | Fenton reaction | MRI (T1) | [116] | |
| Magnetic ferroptosis nanomedicine with immunotherapy | iTGF-β-aPD-1 magnetosomes | Melanoma, breast cancer | Fe3O4 NPs | Fenton reaction | MRI (T2) | [106] |
| MnOx nanospikes | Breast cancer | Mn2+ ions | GSH depletion | MRI (T1), PAI | [117] | |
| Fe3O4-SAS@PLT | Breast cancer | Fe3O4 NPs | Fenton reaction | MRI (T2) | [118] | |
| FePt/BP nanoplatforms | Breast cancer | FePt NPs | Fenton reaction | MRI (T2), NIR | [119] | |
| Ferumoxytol | Prostate cancer | Fe3O4 NPs | Fenton reaction | MRI (T2) | [120] | |
| Magnetic ferroptosis with synergistic diagnostic imaging | Fe3O4@Cu1.77Se-PEG | Breast cancer | Fe3O4 NPs, Cu2+ | Fenton reaction, GSH depletion | MRI (T2), PAI | [121] |
| GBP@Fe3O4 polypeptide | Prostate cancer | Fe3O4 NPs | Fenton reaction, GSH depletion | MRI (T2), PAI | [122] | |
| FCSP@DOX | Breast cancer | DOX, Fe and Cu ions | GSH depletion | MRI (T2), PAI | [123] | |
| MOF@DOX | ||||||
| Cro-Fe@BSA NP | Breast cancer | Fe3+ ions | Fenton reaction | MRI (T1), PAI | [124] | |
| RGD/Pt-GFNP | Brain cancer | Pt (IV), Fe2+ | Fenton reaction, GSH depletion | MRI (T2) | [125] | |
| Fe3O4-PLGA-Ce6 | Breast cancer | Fe3O4 NPs | Fenton reaction | MRI (T2), FI | [126] | |
| Fe3O4@PGL | Colon cancer | Fe3O4 | Fenton reaction | MRI (T2), FI | [127] |
Fe3O4 NPs, IONPs, iron oxide nanoparticles; ANG, angiopep-2 (TFFYGGSRGKRNNFKTEEYC); DHODH, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase; SS, 3′-dithiodipropionic anhydride; GSH, glutathione; GPX4, GSH peroxidase 4; FI, Fluorescence imaging; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); AA, ascorbic acid; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; DOX: doxorubicin; MOF, metal organic framework; SRF, sorafenib; PDA, polydopamine; iTGF-β, transforming growth factor-β inhibitor; Fe3O4 NCs, iron oxide nanoclusters; aPD-1, programmed death-1 antibody; SAS, sulfasalazine; PLT, platelet; BP, black phosphorous nanosheet; NIR, Near-infrared imaging; GBP. Polypeptide-modified and 1H-perfluoropentane-encapsulated Fe3O4 containing nanoformulation; FCSP, PEGylated Fe–Cu MOF; GFNP, Gallic acid/Fe nanomaterial; Cro, croconaine; BSA, bovine serum albumin; PGL, porphyrin grafted lipid.