Table 3.
Perioperative outcomes
| Variable | All patients (n = 268) |
Without GVC (n = 211) |
With GVC (n = 57) |
p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intraoperative | ||||
| Operation time (min) (mean ± SD)b | 422 ± 112 | 401 ± 107 | 492 ± 101 | < 0.001c |
| Intraoperative blood loss (ml) (median, IQR)e,f | 350 (200–650) | 350 (200–700) | 380 (200–500) | 0.762d |
| GVC, n (%) | 53 (19.8) | – | 53 (93.0) | – |
| GVC management | ||||
| Subtotal gastrectomy | 27 (10.1) | – | 27 (47.4) | – |
| Total gastrectomy | 2 (0.7) | – | 2 (3.5) | – |
| Postoperative | ||||
| GVC, n (%) | 4 (1.5) | – | 4 (7.0) | – |
| Any type of gastric resection | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | – |
| DGE grade B/C, n (%)g | 37 (13.9) | 28 (13.3) | 9 (16.4) | 0.555h |
| PPH grade B/C, n (%) | 20 (7.5) | 17 (8.1) | 3 (5.3) | 0.582i |
| Bile leakage grade B/C, n (%) | 7 (2.6) | 7 (3.3) | 0 (0) | 0.352i |
| Major morbidity, n (%) | 75 (28.0) | 50 (23.7) | 25 (43.9) | 0.003h |
| Intra-abdominal collection/abscess | 27 (10.1) | 19 (9.0) | 8 (14.0) | 0.263h |
| Gastroenterostomy leakage | 3 (1.1) | 3 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 1.000i |
| Wound dehiscence | 7 (2.6) | 3 (1.4) | 4 (7.0) | 0.039i |
| Relaparotomy | 18 (6.7) | 13 (6.2)j | 5 (8.8)k | 0.550i |
| Organ failure | 0.080i | |||
| Single-organ failure | 17 (6.3) | 10 (4.7) | 7 (12.3) | |
| Multi-organ failure | 6 (2.2) | 6 (2.8) | 0 (0) | |
| Multiple major morbidity (> 1), n (%) | 24 (9.0) | 16 (7.6) | 8 (14.0) | 0.130h |
| Postoperative hospital stay (days) (median, IQR) | 10 (8–14) | 10 (8–14) | 12 (8–16) | 0.094d |
| Intensive care stay, n (%) | 14 (5.2) | 9 (4.3) | 5 (8.8) | 0.185i |
| Intensive care stay (days) (median, IQR) | 4 (2–10) | 7 (2–19) | 2 (2–7) | 0.219d |
| In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 5 (1.9) | 5 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 0.588i |
| 90-day mortality, n (%) | 9 (3.4) | 6 (2.8) | 3 (5.3) | 0.406i |
Bold value indicates statistical significance (p < 0.050)
GVC, gastric venous congestion; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; min, minutes; DGE, delayed gastric emptying; PPH, postpancreatectomy hemorrhage
aComparison between patients with and without GVC, bMissing (n = 51), cStudent’s t test, dMann-Whitney U test, eMissing data n = 21, fBlood loss only from 2011 to 2021, gPatients who underwent a total gastrectomy (n = 2) are excluded, hChi-square test, iFisher’s exact test, jIndications for relaparotomy were gastroenterostomy leakage (n = 3), PPH (n = 3), wound dehiscence (n = 3), bile leakage (n = 6), kIndications for relaparotomy were wound dehiscence (n = 4) and PPH (n = 1)