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. 2023 Sep 5;280(11):5115–5128. doi: 10.1007/s00405-023-08163-x

Table 2.

Baseline characteristic of the CovILD study cohort and the study participants stratified by COVID-19 severity

Variablea Entire cohort Ambulatory CoV subset Moderate CoV subset Severe CoV subset Significanceb Effect sizeb
Sex

Female: 41% (n = 44)

Male: 59% (n = 64)

Female: 67% (n = 18)

Male: 33% (n = 9)

Female: 35% (n = 19)

Male: 65% (n = 36)

Female: 27% (n = 7)

Male: 73% (n = 19)

p < 0.001 V = 0.31
Age, years

56 [IQR: 49–68]

Range 19–87

47 [IQR: 38–55]

Range 19–70

62 [IQR: 53–72]

Range 27–87

56 [IQR: 52–64]

Range 44–79

p < 0.001 η2 = 0.21
BMI at CoV onset

Normal: 39% (n = 42)

Overweight: 43% (n = 46)

Obesity: 19% (n = 20)

Normal: 56% (n = 15)

Overweight: 33% (n = 9)

Obesity: 11% (n = 3)

Normal: 29% (n = 16)

Overweight: 51% (n = 28)

Obesity: 20% (n = 11)

Normal: 42% (n = 11)

Overweight: 35% (n = 9)

Obesity: 23% (n = 6)

p < 0.001 V = 0.17
Comorbidity present 75% (n = 81) 41% (n = 11) 85% (n = 47) 88% (n = 23) p < 0.001 V = 0.46
Cardiovascular disease 40% (n = 43) 7.4% (n = 2) 47% (n = 26) 58% (n = 15) p < 0.001 V = 0.39
Arterial hypertension 27% (n = 29) 7.4% (n = 2) 27% (n = 15) 46% (n = 12) p < 0.001 V = 0.31
Pulmonary disease 19% (n = 20) 11% (n = 3) 22% (n = 12) 19% (n = 5) p = 0.031 V = 0.11
Metabolic disease 42% (n = 45) 19% (n = 5) 49% (n = 27) 50% (n = 13) p < 0.001 V = 0.27
Diabetes II 15% (n = 16) 3.7% (n = 1) 15% (n = 8) 27% (n = 7) p < 0.001 V = 0.23
Gastrointestinal disease 13% (n = 14) 0% (n = 0) 20% (n = 11) 12% (n = 3) p < 0.001 V = 0.24
Malignancy 9.3% (n = 10) 3.7% (n = 1) 15% (n = 8) 3.8% (n = 1) p < 0.001 V = 0.19
Immune deficiency 5.6% (n = 6) 0% (n = 0) 3.6% (n = 2) 15% (n = 4) p < 0.001 V = 0.25

Numeric variables are presented as medians with interquartile ranges (IQR) and ranges. Categorical variables are presented as percentages and counts within the complete observation set

aBMI at CoV onset: body mass index at COVID-19 onset, normal: BMI < 25 kg/m2, overweight: BMI 25–30 kg/m2, obesity: BMI > 30 kg/m2

bComparison of ambulatory, moderate and severe COVID-19 individuals. Categorical variables: χ2 test with Cramer V effect size statistic. Numeric variables: Kruskal–Wallis test with η2 effect size statistic. P values corrected form multiple testing with Benjamini–Hochberg method