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. 2023 Oct 9;13:17019. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44198-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Induction of hepatic steatosis by exposure to fatty acids. HepG2 OOC cells were treated with vehicle (Veh, 1 mM NaOH), oleic acid (OA, 0.5 mM), palmitic acid (PA, 0.5 mM), or a mixture of OA and PA (OA + PA, 0.5 mM in total) for 24 h under Conditions A or B. (A–D) Representative fluorescence (A and C) or confocal (B and D) images of HepG2 OOC cells stained with Bodipy (green) or DAPI (blue). The confocal images were captured and processed using Zeiss ZEN 3.4 (blue edition) software. Bright-field (BF) images are shown in gray scale. (E and H) Quantitative analysis of Bodipy fluorescence in HepG2 OOCs. (F and I) LDH activity in conditioned medium of HepG2 OOC cultures. (G and J) Albumin concentration in conditioned medium of HepG2 OOC cultures. Data are presented as mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA (n = 3–6). *p < 0.05 versus Veh.