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. 2023 Oct 9;14:6287. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42001-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Comparison between the X-ray and NIR-II in vivo imaging on the tibial defects (solid arrowheads). The X-ray imaging was measured 1 d post-surgery (p. s.), and the NIR-II imaging was taken before and 1 d after surgery, respectively. Scale bars: 5 mm. b The intensity profiles along the cross sections are indicated by the corresponding-colored dash lines in a. The measured sizes of the tibia defects were given. c The NIR-II in vivo imaging on the right (sham surgery as control) and left hindlimb (defect surgery) of a mouse on Days 6, 8, and 11 after surgery. The right hindlimb has a soft tissue wound (open arrowheads) from a sham surgery, while the left hindlimb contains both the soft tissue wound and the bone defect (solid arrowheads). Injection of ErNCs was 5 days after surgery via the tail vein. The experiment was repeated three times independently, with similar results. Scale bar: 5 mm. d The intensity profiles along the cross sections are represented by the dash lines in both the sham surgery group (orange) and bone defect surgery group (red) in c.