Figure 2.

Mapping of ozone exposure-associated cardiopulmonary deaths in 2019

Excess cardiopulmonary mortalities are defined as the total deaths caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and all-type cardiovascular diseases (COPD + CVDs). Numbers of premature deaths differentiate (A) urban, (B) rural, and (C) total population, and are aggregated to prefecture-level cities for mapping. Exposure-response curved relationships for COPD and cardiovascular mortality (see Figure S9) are estimated by exposure resampled meta-regression (see Method S5) considering 29 cohort-based epidemiological studies (see Table S9) identified from up-to-date systematic review. Color scale intervals are divided by Jenks natural breaks due to non-Gaussian and multi-peak mortality distribution. Regional statistics with multiple mortality metrics (death number, mortality rate, years of life lost) for 2019 are listed in Table 1, and statistics for 1990 are summarized in Table S2.