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. 2023 Sep 20;4(6):100517. doi: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100517

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© 2023 The Author(s)

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Contribution decomposition of nationwide and province-level relative changes in long-term ozone exposure-associated excess deaths from 1990 to 2019

Five contribution components are considered to be responsible for relative mortality changes as changes in (1) warm-season ambient ozone exposure levels, (2) total population, (3) population structure (e.g., aging), (4) cross-sectional overall mortality rates of COPD and cardiovascular diseases, and (5) urbanization. Urbanization is approximated by population fractions of urban residents. Independent contributions from each factor are dissociated by step-by-step feature substitution method, as shown by the stacked bars for the nationwide average and each province or municipality. Circles mark the overall relative change percentages of total cardiopulmonary mortalities from 1990 to 2019, which are equal to the sum of five influencing factors. Hong Kong and Macao are not analyzed as these two special administrative regions have fully accomplished urbanization since 1990 and thence effects from population migration cannot be dissociated.