Table 1.
Regional and nationwide cardiopulmonary mortality metrics associated with long-term ozone exposure in 2019
| Region | Excess deaths (thousands) |
Mortality rates (per 100,000) |
YLLs (million years) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban | Rural | Total | Urban | Rural | Total | Urban | Rural | Total | |
| Northeast China | 9.5 | 17.3 | 26.9 | 19.6 | 27.8 | 24.2 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.87 |
| (6.1–13.1) | (11.1–23.8) | (17.3–36.9) | (12.6–26.9) | (17.9–38.2) | (15.6–33.2) | (0.24–0.53) | (0.32–0.68) | (0.55–1.22) | |
| North China | 34.6 | 25.5 | 60.1 | 30.7 | 39.2 | 33.8 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 1.30 |
| (22.4–47.1) | (16.5–34.7) | (38.9–81.8) | (19.8–41.8) | (25.3–53.3) | (21.8–46.0) | (0.39–0.83) | (0.44–0.96) | (0.82–1.77) | |
| East China | 83.0 | 38.9 | 121.9 | 26.0 | 35.1 | 28.3 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 1.13 |
| (53.6–113.4) | (25.1–53.1) | (78.7–166.6) | (16.8–35.5) | (22.6–47.9) | (18.3–38.7) | (0.32–0.70) | (0.39–0.86) | (0.72–1.56) | |
| Central China | 41.0 | 30.3 | 71.2 | 27.6 | 34.4 | 30.1 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 1.15 |
| (26.4–55.9) | (19.5–41.3) | (45.9–97.2) | (17.8–37.7) | (22.2–46.9) | (19.4–41.1) | (0.34–0.75) | (0.39–0.84) | (0.72–1.58) | |
| South China | 14.2 | 15.2 | 29.4 | 14.6 | 24.9 | 18.6 | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.74 |
| (9.1–19.7) | (9.7–20.9) | (18.8–40.6) | (9.3–20.2) | (16.0–34.3) | (11.9–25.6) | (0.18–0.40) | (0.27–0.61) | (0.46–1.02) | |
| Northwest China | 4.7 | 17.0 | 21.6 | 15.2 | 28.4 | 23.9 | 0.30 | 0.51 | 0.81 |
| (3.0–6.4) | (10.9–23.3) | (13.9–29.7) | (9.7–20.9) | (18.3–39.0) | (15.4–32.9) | (0.19–0.41) | (0.32–0.70) | (0.51–1.11) | |
| Southwest China | 13.0 | 29.3 | 42.3 | 14.6 | 28.0 | 21.8 | 0.29 | 0.49 | 0.78 |
| (8.3–17.9) | (18.8–40.2) | (27.1–58.2) | (9.3–20.1) | (18.0–38.5) | (14.0–30.0) | (0.18–0.40) | (0.31–0.69) | (0.49–1.09) | |
| Nationwide | 200.0 | 173.5 | 373.5 | 23.6 | 31.4 | 26.7 | 2.91 | 3.87 | 6.78 |
| (128.9–273.6) | (111.7–237.4) | (240.6–510.9) | (15.2–32.3) | (20.3–43.0) | (17.2–36.5) | (1.84–4.01) | (2.44–5.34) | (4.28–9.35) | |
Three mortality metrics are estimated as (1) the number of excess deaths in thousands, (2) age-standardized mortality rate per 100,000, and (3) years of life lost (YLLs) in million years. We only regard premature deaths as health outcomes from long-term ozone exposure in our study, so that disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are equal to YLLs, for years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLDs) are considered constantly to be 0 (DALYs = YLLs + YLDs). Estimates are summarized by median with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) from 1,000-times Monte Carlo bootstrap simulation. Estimations of 1990 mortality metrics are summarized in Table S2.