Table 2.
Sources of scale items.
| Scale Items | Source |
|---|---|
| CTR | |
| 1) The natural scenery is unique and beautiful. | Interview, GSTC, (Chen & Xu, 2019 [44]); |
| 2) The buildings are rich in local ethnic characteristics. | Interview, GSTC, (Jangra & Kaushik, 2021 [28]); |
| 3) Costumes full of local ethnic characteristics. | Interview, (Yang, 2016 [13]; Zou, 2019 [26]) |
| 4) Folk festival activities are rich and distinctive. | Interview, (Ding & Peng, 2002 [20]) |
| 5) Cultural heritage is rich in connotation and diverse in types. | Interview, GSTC, (Tao, 2013 [24]; Wan, 2022 [25]) |
| 6) The local tourist landscape is well known. | Interview, (Ding & Peng, 2002 [20]) |
| TL | |
| 7) Tourism traffic is good, and the outside traffic connection is convenient. | Interview, GSTC, (Yang, 2016 [13]) |
| 8) Excellent geographical location, close to the city space. | Interview, (Yang, 2016 [13]; Wang & Xu, 2015 [27]) |
| 9) The area attractions in series degree is strong. | Interview, GSTC, (Zou, 2019 [26]) |
| 10)The nearby source market is large. | GSTC, Chen & Xu, 2019 [44]) |
| TDE | |
| 11) The destination development of tourism has been strongly supported by the higher government. | GSTC, (Wondirad, 2020 [60]) |
| 12) The city/county where the destination is located has good economic development. | (Yang, 2016 [13]; Xu & Li, 2021 [55]) |
| 13) The destination has greater competitiveness compared with the surrounding similar scenic spots. | Interview, GSTC, (Zou, 2019 [26]) |
| 14) The business environment of the destination for tourism development is good. | GSTC, (Yang, 2016 [13], Ding & Peng, 2002 [20]) |
| 15) The destination has a sound talent mechanism for developing tourism. | GSTC, (Liu et al., 2019 [6]) |
| TPa | |
| 16) To be interested in the natural landscape available here. | Interview, (An & Alarcón, 2021 [2]; Chen & Xu, 2019 [28]) |
| 17) To be interested in the residential buildings here. | Interview, (Chen & Xu, 2019 [44]) |
| 18) To be interested in the history, culture and folk customs here. | Interview, (An & Alarcón, 2021 [2]; (Chen & Xu, 2019 [44]) |
| 19) To be interested in participating in the experience here. | Interview, (Chen & Xu, 2019 [44]) |
| 20) To be interested in the special food here. | Interview, (Chen & Xu, 2019 [44]) |
| TS | |
| 21) The local government ensures that tourism planning is forward-looking and tourism development is scientific and orderly. | Interview, GSTC |
| 22) The local government pays attention to creating a quality business environment. | Interview, (Li, 2015 [51]) |
| 23) The local government pays attention to building tourism infrastructure to make it safe, reliable and clean. | Interview, GSTC, (Liu et al., 2019 [6]) |
| 24) Local residents actively support the development of tourism. | Interview, GSTC |
| 25) Local residents are deeply involved in the decision-making, development and benefit distribution of tourism. | Interview, GSTC, (Liu et al., 2019 [6]; (Gursoy et al., 2019 [58]) |
| 26) Tourism operators jointly maintain a fair and orderly market environment. | Interview |
| 26) Tourism operators have a good reception service system, and the reception service of practitioners is meticulous and thoughtful. | Interview, GSTC, (Liu et al., 2019 [61], Yang, 2016 [13]) |
| 28)The protection system for tourists' rights and interests has been improved. | Interview, GSTC, Wang & Xu, 2015 [27]) |
| TPb | |
| 29) Tourism products are unique and attractive. | Interview, (Zhong, 2012 [45], Hjalager, 2010 [40]) |
| 30) Tourism products pay attention to the integration of industry and tourism and effectively promote the development of local industries. | Interview, Sandra & Carlos, 2022 [35]) |
| 31) Tourism products pay attention to the integration of culture and tourism and effectively protect and develop the precious local culture. | GSTC; (Li, 2015 [51]) |
| 32) Tourism products are rich and can provide a variety of tourism activities for tourists to choose from. | (Wu et al., 2008 [22]; Zhong, 2012 [45]) |
| 33) Tourism products are moderately priced. | Interview, (Wu et al., 2008 [22]22]) |
| TI | |
| 34)TPb pay attention to personalization and innovation. | Interview, (Chen & Xu, 2019 [44]); |
| 35)Tourism marketing continues to innovate. | (Chen & Xu, 2019 [44]); |
| 36)Tourism can adapt to the new market demand, and constantly open up new markets. | Interview, (Chen & Xu, 2019 [44]); Xu & Li, 2021 [55]) |
| 37)Tourism management concepts and methods are constantly optimized and innovated. | GSTC; (Ding & Peng, 2002 [20]; Hjalager, 2010 [40]) |
| 38)The tourism system keeps pace with The Times and makes continuous progress. | GSTC; (Chen & Xu, 2019 [44]); |
| TD | |
| 39)The popularity and reputation of the tourist destination have been continuously improved. | GSTC; (Yang, 2016 [13]) |
| 40)The economic structure of tourism has been continuously improved. | GSTC; (Yang, 2016 [13]; Chen & Xu, 2019 [44]) |
| 41)Sustainable and sound social development of tourism destinations. | GSTC; (Liu et al., 2019 [6]) |
| 42)The culture of tourist destinations can be effectively protected and utilized. | GSTC; (Liu et al., 2019 [6]) |
| 43)The ecological environment of tourist destinations has been continuously improved. | GSTC; (Yang, 2016 [13]; Sharif et al., 2019 [47]) |
Note: CTR is characteristic tourism resources, TL is tourism location, TDE is tourism development environment, TPa is tourists' preference, TS is tourism stakeholders, TPb is tourism products, TI is tourism innovation, and TD is tourism development.