Table 1.
Demographic, gambling behaviour and gambling problem and harm comparisons by jurisdiction
| Variable | Measure | WA (n = 1,527) | Rest of Australia (n = 13,473) | Statistic | p Value | Effect size |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Gender | % (n) female | 50.4 (769) | 51.0 (6,867) | χ2(1) = 0.21 | 0.650 | |
| Age bracket | Median | 45–49 | 45–49 | χ2(10) = −1.22 | 0.213 | |
| Mean rank | 7,407.65 | 7,552.24 | ||||
| Marital status (n = 5,141) | % (n) married | 48.1 (273) | 44.0 (2,010) | χ2(1) = 7.84 | 0.098 | |
| % (n) de facto | 14.4 (82) | 16.4 (750) | ||||
| % (n) widowed | 2.6 (15) | 3.9 (179) | ||||
| % (n) divorced/separated | 13.2 (75) | 11.5 (528) | ||||
| % (n) never married | 21.7 (123) | 24.2 (1,106) | ||||
| Country of birth (n = 5,148) | % (n) not Australia | 32.3 (183) | 25.3 (1,160) | χ2(1) = 12.65 | <0.001 | φ = 0.05 |
| Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander status (ATSI) (n = 5,129) | % (n) ATSI | 3.2 (18) | 2.7 (123) | χ2(1) = 0.44 | 0.506 | |
| Main language at home (n = 5,143) | % (n) not English | 14.5 (82) | 16.2 (741) | χ2(1) = 1.13 | ||
| Education (n = 5,043) | Mean rank | 2,358.19 | 2,521.45 | M−W U = 1,090,798.5, Z = −2.50 | 0.012 | d = 0.07 |
| Gambling behaviour | ||||||
| Gamblers | % (n) last 12 months | 62.9 (961) | 56.3 (7,580) | χ2(1) = 24.91 | <0.001 | φ = 0.04 |
| Online gamblers, amongst gamblers (n = 8,541) | % (n) last 12 months | 28.6 (275) | 31.0 (2,347) | χ2(1) = 2.21 | 0.137 | |
| EGMs | % (n) last 12 months | 8.7 (133) | 17.3 (2,322) | χ2(1) = 73.18 | <0.001 | φ = 0.07 |
| Casino games | % (n) last 12 months | 10.2 (155) | 5.6 (749) | χ2(1) = 51.04 | <0.001 | φ = −0.06 |
| Lotteries | % (n) last 12 months | 52.8 (804) | 40.3 (5,424) | χ2(1) = 87.44 | <0.001 | φ = −0.08 |
| Scratchcards | % (n) last 12 months | 17.8 (271) | 15.5 (2,078) | χ2(1) = 5.57 | 0.018 | φ = −0.02 |
| Keno | % (n) last 12 months | 2.6 (40) | 8.3 (1,121) | χ2(1) = 62.54 | <0.001 | φ = 0.07 |
| Sports betting | % (n) last 12 months | 10.6 (162) | 9.5 (1,280) | χ2(1) = 1.96 | 0.162 | |
| Race betting | % (n) last 12 months | 17.2 (263) | 16.8 (2,262) | χ2(1) = 0.17 | 0.682 | |
| Novelty betting | % (n) last 12 months | 1.7 (26) | 1.6 (211) | χ2(1) = 0.16 | 0.687 | |
| Poker | % (n) last 12 months | 3.3 (51) | 3.5 (471) | χ2(1) = 0.10 | 0.750 | |
| Bingo | % (n) last 12 months | 2.0 (31) | 2.4 (325) | χ2(1) = 0.86 | 0.353 | |
| Esports betting | % (n) last 12 months | 0.7 (10) | 0.6 (83) | χ2(1) = 0.03 | 0.854 | |
| Fantasy sports betting | % (n) last 12 months | 1.0 (15) | 0.5 (69) | χ2(1) = 5.46 | 0.019 | φ = −0.02 |
| Skin gambling | % (n) last 12 months | 0.5 (7) | 0.5 (69) | χ2(1) = 0.08 | 0.779 | |
| Gambling problems and harm | ||||||
| Problem gambling severity amongst gamblers (n = 5,222) | % (n) non-problem | 85.9 (505) | 80.1 (3,713) | χ2(3) = 13.30 | 0.004 | φ = 0.05 |
| % (n) low-risk | 9.4 (55) | 11.8 (547) | ||||
| % (n) moderate-risk | 3.9 (23) | 5.7 (266) | ||||
| % (n) problem | 0.9 (5) | 2.3 (108) | ||||
| Problem gambling severity amongst gamblers (n = 5,222) | Mean (n) (SD) | 0.39 (1.45) | 0.68 (2.23) | M−W U = 1,488,043.5, Z = −3.59 | <0.001 | d = 0.07 |
| Gambling harm amongst gamblers (n = 4,191) | Mean (SD) | 0.40 (1.20) | 0.55 (1.50) | M−W U = 771,669.5, Z = −2.16 | 0.030 | d = 0.05 |
| Harm from own gambling caused most by (n = 712) | % (n) EGMs | 15.2 (10) | 41.3 (267) | χ2(14) = 35.93 | 0.001 | φ = 0.23 |
| Gambling harm from others' gambling (n = 11,540) | % (n) yes | 4.3 (50) | 6.2 (645) | χ2(1) = 7.22 | 0.007 | φ = 0.03 |
| Harm from others' gambling caused most by (n = 650) | % (n) EGMs | 13.3 (6) | 53.9 (326) | χ2(11) = 42.69 | <0.001 | φ = 0.26 |
Note: Bold text indicates statistically significantly higher values for WA or the rest of Australia. M−W U refers to Mann-Whitney U-tests. Omnibus test statistics are reported, with pairwise tests of independence also conducted after significant omnibus tests, for problem gambling severity and self-reported harmful forms associated with own or others' gambling. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.