Table 2.
Mediation models predicting (log +1) PGSI scores
| Mediator | Jurisdiction -> mediator | Mediator -> PGSI | Indirect effect | Direct effect | Variance explained |
| Model 1: EGM participation | 0.012 (−0.019, 0.043) | 0.281*** | |||
| EGMs | −0.157*** (−0.202, −0.113) | 0.347*** (0.318, 0.376) | −0.055*** (−0.071, −0.038) | ||
| Model 2: All forms | 0.012 (−0.028, 0.051) | 0.372*** | |||
| EGMs | −0.157*** (−0.202, −0.113) | 0.265*** (0.206, 0.325) | −0.042*** (−0.057, −0.027) | ||
| Keno | −0.250*** (−0.307, −0.193) | 0.015 (−0.051, 0.082) | −0.004 (−0.021, 0.013) | ||
| Lotteries | 0.123*** (0.078, 0.168) | 0.097* (0.022, 0.172) | 0.012* (0.002, 0.022) | ||
| Casino games | 0.107*** (0.063, 0.151) | −0.043 (−0.132, 0.047) | −0.005 (−0.014, 0.005) | ||
| Scratchcards | −0.034 (−0.075, 0.006) | 0.050* (0.010, 0.090) | −0.002 (−0.004, 0.001) | ||
| Sports betting | −0.019 (−0.058, 0.020) | 0.216*** (0.135, 0.298) | −0.004 (−0.013, 0.004) | ||
| Race betting | −0.032 (−0.071, 0.007) | 0.005 (−0.072, 0.082) | 0.000 (−0.003, 0.002) | ||
| Novelty betting | 0.018 (−0.046, 0.083) | −0.017 (−0.102, 0.067) | 0.000 (−0.002, 0.002) | ||
| Bingo | −0.047 (−0.125, 0.032) | −0.021 (−0.090, 0.049) | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.005) | ||
| Poker | 0.000 (−0.055, 0.056) | 0.074 (−0.018, 0.167) | 0.000 (−0.004, 0.004) | ||
| Esports betting | −0.031 (−0.110, 0.049) | 0.046 (−0.069, 0.160) | −0.001 (−0.006, 0.004) | ||
| Fantasy sports betting | 0.057 (−0.017, 0.131) | −0.045 (−0.184, 0.094) | −0.003 (−0.011, 0.006) | ||
| Skins gambling | −0.039 (−0.133, 0.055) | 0.178* (0.037, 0.318) | −0.007 (−0.024, 0.011) |
Note: Values are standardised coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (lower limit, upper limit). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Independent variable was jurisdiction (rest of Australia = 0, WA = 1), and mediators were participating in each form within the last 12 months (no = 0, yes = 1). Total effect for Models 1 and 2 was beta = −0.043, 95% CI = −0.072 to −0.013, Z = −2.813, p = 0.005.