Table 4.
Results of categorical and continuous moderators for the association between negative parenting styles and PIU
| Moderator | k | Fisher's Z (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | Mean r | F | p | level 2 variance | level 3 variance |
| a Ratio of males | 111 | 0.201 (0.165; 0.238)*** | 0.024 (−0.280; 0.329) | 0.198 | 0.025 | 0.874 | 0.003*** | 0.007*** |
| b Age | ||||||||
| S | 20 | 0.158 (0.079; 0.236)*** | −0.065 (−0.156; 0.026) | 0.157 | 1.038 | 0.357 | 0.003*** | 0.007*** |
| J | 40 | 0.199 (0.140; 0.257)*** | 0.041 (−0.057; 0.139) | 0.196 | ||||
| Mixed | 60 | 0.223 (0.178; 0.268)*** | 0.065 (−0.026; 0.156) | 0.219 | ||||
| c Culture | ||||||||
| E | 110 | 0.179 (0.149; 0.208)*** | −0.169 (−0.249;-0.090)*** | 0.177 | 17.662 | <0.001 | 0.003*** | 0.004*** |
| W | 10 | 0.348 (0.274; 0.422)*** | 0.169 (0.090; 0.249)*** | 0.335 | ||||
| d Publication year | 120 | 0.191 (0.158; 0.224)*** | 0.009 (0.001; 0.017)* | 0.189 | 5.293 | <0.05 | 0.003*** | 0.006*** |
| e Measurements of parenting styles | ||||||||
| EMBU | 73 | 0.186 (0.131; 0.242)*** | −0.030 (−0.102; 0.041) | 0.184 | 0.352 | 0.704 | 0.003*** | 0.007*** |
| PBI | 5 | 0.204 (0.089; 0.320)*** | 0.018 (−0.110; 0.146) | 0.201 | ||||
| Others | 42 | 0.217 (0.171; 0.262)*** | 0.030 (−0.041; 0.102) | 0.214 | ||||
| f Measurements of PIU | ||||||||
| s-IAT | 27 | 0.229 (0.168; 0.289)*** | 0.069 (−0.013; 0.151) | 0.225 | 1.117 | 0.345 | 0.003*** | 0.006*** |
| IAT | 29 | 0.225 (0.166; 0.284)*** | −0.004 (−0.088; 0.081) | 0.221 | ||||
| CIAS | 20 | 0.144 (0.054; 0.234)*** | −0.085 (−0.194; 0.023) | 0.143 | ||||
| Others | 44 | 0.184 (0.122; 0.245)*** | −0.045 (−0.131; 0.041) | 0.182 | ||||
| g Sub-types of negative parenting | ||||||||
| Punitive | 18 | 0.258 (0.215; 0.301)*** | 0.252 | 14.910 | <0.001 | 0.001*** | 0.008*** | |
| Authoritarian | 7 | 0.245 (0.187; 0.302)*** | −0.013 (−0.072; 0.045) | 0.240 | ||||
| Rejection | 20 | 0.259 (0.218; 0.301)*** | 0.001 (−0.032; 0.034) | 0.253 | ||||
| Over-protection | 21 | 0.221 (0.179; 0.263)*** | −0.037 (−0.072; −0.002)* | 0.217 | ||||
| Permissive | 18 | 0.140 (0.098; 0.183)*** | −0.118 (−0.156; −0.079)*** | 0.139 | ||||
| Others | 36 | 0.188 (0.149; 0.227)*** | −0.070 (−0.103; −0.036)*** | 0.186 | ||||
Note. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; β = estimated regression coefficient; r = mean effect size expressed as a Pearson's correlation; Levels 2 variance = variance between effect sizes extracted from the same study; Levels 3 variance = variance between studies; PIU = problematic Internet use; For age: S = senior high school students, J = junior high school students, Mixed = junior and senior high school students; For Culture: E = Eastern culture, W = Western culture; For measurements of parenting styles: EMBU = Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (my memories of upbringing), PBI = Parenting Bonding Scale; For measurements of PIU: s-IAT = Internet Addiction Test-Short Version, IAT = Internet Addiction Test, CIAS = Chinese Internet addiction scale.
*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.