Figure 3.

Cross-lagged panel model for social isolation, sleep disturbance, and cognitive functioning. Notes: All path coefficients were standardized, and all models controlled for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, smoking, loneliness, depressive symptoms, and the number of comorbidities. Estimates were weighted to adjust for differential probabilities of selection and nonresponse of Health and Retirement Study participants. Longitudinal attrition was handled through inverse-probability-of-attrition weights. Single-headed arrows represented regression paths. Double-headed arrows represented correlations. Solid line: p < .05. Dashed lines are nonsignificant. Model fit: CFI = 0.903, TLI = 0.827, RMSEA = 0.057 (90% CI, 0.044–0.070), Chi² (69) = 1,726.885. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. CFI = comparative fit index; RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index.