Table 2.

Main characteristics of the included studies.

Study	Country	Study type	Measurements	Subjects			Controls
				Total, n	F, n	Age†, years	Total, n	F, n	Age†, years
Huggare et al. (44)	Finland	CSS	Archs width, overbite, overjet	22	16	17.8 (12–34)	22		17.8 (12–34)
Pećina et al. (43)	Yugoslavia	CSS	Deep bite, crossbite, open bite	202	173	7–17	640	350	7–17
Ben-Bassat et al. (33)	Israel	CSS	Angle’s class, midline deviation	96	79	13.9 ± 3.5	703	–	–
Segatto et al. (40)	Hungary/Germany	CCS	Angle’s class, overjet, overbite, midline deviation	28	–	14.7 ± 2.3	68	–	14.8 ± 0.11
Kostenko et al. (34)	Ukraine	CSS	Angle’s class, dentognathic anomalies	200	169	12–15	25	21	12–15
Laskowska et al. (39)	Poland	CSS	Angle’s class, crossbite, open bite, deep bite	80	71	14.2 ± 2.03	61	29	12.6 ± 1.9
Sambataro et al. (42)	Italy	CSS	Angle’s class, crossbite, midline deviation	18	11	9.8 ± 0.8	102	14	9.8 ± 0.8
Zhang et al. (41)	China	CSS	Angle’s class, unilateral crosbite, midline deviation	58	51	14.8 (12.4–20.2)	152	–	15.2 (12.2–18.6)
Lewandowska et al. (45)	Poland	CSS	Overjet, canine deviation, midline deviation	60	60	14.0 ± 1.3	54	54	14.3 ± 1.6
Glowacki et al. (35)	Poland	CSS	TMD disability, Fonseca AI	30	30	12.43 ± 1.83‡	42	42	12.43 ± 1.83‡
Uçar et al. (46)	Turkey	CSS	Fonseca AI, Helkimo Index	29	29	14.7 ± 1.9	29	29	14.9 ± 2.0
Lippold et al. (38)	Germany	CSS	Angle’s class	22*	–	5.0 ± 0.11	37	–	5.0 ± 0.11
Korbmacher et al. (37)	Germany	CSS	Unilateral crossbite	55	22	7.0 ± 2.08	55	–	–
Sofyanti et al. (36)	Indonesia	ROS	Angle’s class	56*		22.36 ± 3.02	72	–	22.1 ± 3.01

^*Class II/III; ^†values are mean ± s.d. or range; ^‡age at start.

AI, Anamnestic Index; CCS, case–control study; CSS, cross-sectional study; F, females; ROS, retrospective observational study; TMD, temporomandibular disorder.