Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants
| Characteristics | CVD primary prevention matched cohort, n (%)a | CVD secondary prevention matched cohort, n (%)a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| With ACEI/ARB-related ADR consultation | Without ACEI/ARB-related ADR consultation | SMDb | With ACEI/ARB-related ADR consultation | Without ACEI/ARB-related ADR consultation | SMDb | |
| Total | 3098 | 3098 | 7119 | 7119 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Mean age, years (±SD) | 68.11 (13.38) | 68.11 (13.18) | −0.0006 | 74.58 (10.96) | 74.59 (10.86) | −0.0008 |
|
| ||||||
| Sex, male | 1210 (39.06) | 1177 (37.99) | 0.0219 | 3712 (52.14) | 3741 (52.55) | −0.0082 |
|
| ||||||
| Mean interval between commencement of ACEI/ARB therapy and index date, years (±SD) | 3.60 (3.80) | 3.60 (2.98) | −0.0003 | 5.04 (4.41) | 4.98 (3.74) | 0.0161 |
|
| ||||||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 2728 (88.06) | 2739 (88.41) | −0.0110 | 5038 (70.77) | 5019 (70.50) | 0.0059 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 528 (17.04) | 508 (16.40) | 0.0173 | 1809 (25.41) | 1796 (25.23) | 0.0042 |
| Diabetes | 1367 (44.13) | 1393 (44.96) | −0.0169 | 2462 (34.58) | 2444 (34.33) | 0.0053 |
| CKD | 1333 (43.03) | 1301 (41.99) | 0.0209 | 2826 (39.70) | 2808 (39.44) | 0.0052 |
| Liver disease | 44 (1.42) | 49 (1.58) | −0.0133 | 74 (1.04) | 77 (1.08) | −0.0041 |
| COPD | 287 (9.26) | 287 (9.26) | 0.0000 | 1280 (17.98) | 1266 (17.78) | 0.0051 |
| Rheumatic disease | 360 (11.62) | 348 (11.23) | 0.0122 | 1263 (17.74) | 1272 (17.87) | −0.0033 |
|
| ||||||
| Concomitant medications | ||||||
| CCBs | 1268 (40.93) | 1254 (40.48) | 0.0092 | 2432 (34.16) | 2453 (34.46) | −0.0062 |
| Diuretics | 1534 (49.52) | 1517 (48.97) | 0.0110 | 4221 (59.29) | 4166 (58.52) | 0.0157 |
| Beta-blockers | 790 (25.50) | 814 (26.28) | −0.0177 | 3533 (49.63) | 3588 (50.40) | −0.0155 |
| Statins | 1342 (43.32) | 1298 (41.90) | 0.0287 | 5145 (72.27) | 5199 (73.03) | −0.0170 |
| Antiplatelets/anticoagulants | 974 (31.44) | 971 (31.34) | 0.0021 | 5425 (76.20) | 5464 (76.75) | −0.0129 |
| Antidiabetics | 1002 (32.34) | 1036 (33.44) | −0.0234 | 1691 (23.75) | 1685 (23.67) | 0.0020 |
| Nitrates | 47 (1.52) | 39 (1.26) | 0.0221 | 2402 (33.74) | 2420 (33.99) | −0.0053 |
| NSAIDs | 427 (13.78) | 432 (13.94) | −0.0047 | 747 (10.49) | 730 (10.25) | 0.0078 |
|
| ||||||
| Electronic Frailty Index | 0.0509 | 0.1089 | ||||
| Fit | 2090 (67.46) | 2075 (66.98) | 2438 (34.25) | 2304 (32.36) | ||
| Mild | 843 (27.21) | 882 (28.47) | 2928 (41.13) | 3263 (45.84) | ||
| Moderate | 146 (4.71) | 133 (4.29) | 1403 (19.71) | 1245 (17.49) | ||
| Severe | 19 (0.61) | 8 (0.26) | 350 (4.92) | 307 (4.31) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Polypharmacy | 0.0241 | 0.0360 | ||||
| No polypharmacy | 814 (26.28) | 816 (26.34) | 715 (10.04) | 664 (9.33) | ||
| Polypharmacy (5–9 medications) | 1453 (46.90) | 1421 (45.87) | 2908 (40.85) | 2996 (42.08) | ||
| Excessive polypharmacy (≥10 medications) | 831 (26.82) | 861 (27.79) | 3496 (49.11) | 3459 (48.59) | ||
a
Unless otherwise stated.
b
SMD indicates difference in mean or proportion of covariates in the exposed versus control group, divided by the pooled standard deviation. SMD <0.2 indicates a negligible difference in covariates between both groups. ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. ADR = adverse drug reaction. ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker. CCB = calcium channel blocker. CKD = chronic kidney disease. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CVD = cardiovascular disease. NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. SD = standard deviation. SMD = standardised mean difference.