Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria of participants.

Inclusion/Exclusion	Criteria
Inclusion criteria	1.Meet the ROME IV criteria for functional constipation or IBS-C. 2.Have symptoms for at least three months for the last six months 3.English fluency 4.Aged 21 years and above 5.Participants aged 65 years and above: score of 25 or more on the Mini-Mental State Examination
Exclusion criteria	1.Diagnosed with drug-induced constipation 2.Evidence/diagnosis of cognitive impairment 3.Current diagnosis of psychiatric disorder 4.Previous colectomy procedure 5.Significant hearing impairment

IBS-C; irritable bowel syndrome with constipation