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. 2023 Oct 9;11:163. doi: 10.1186/s40478-023-01659-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — T cell infiltrates are increased in hypothalamic arcuate/medial eminence and in bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of obese humans. CD3-positive cells were quantified in standardized post-mortem brain tissue sections from control and obese humans (A). CD3-positive T-cells in various hypothalamic regions and other non-hypothalamic brain nuclei from control and obese humans (B). Representative CD3 immunohistochemistry in the Arc/ME of a non-obese (C) and obese (D) individual. Note the close apposition of CD3-positive T-cells to hypothalamic neurons (D, inset). Quantification of CD4, CD8, and CD20 inflammatory cells in the Arc/ME from control and obese individuals (E). Representative CD8 immunohistochemistry from the Arc/ME from an obese human (F). CD3-positive cells in the Arc/ME of non-obese/obese individuals with and without a clinical history of diabetes (G). Scale bars: A,D = 500 μm, D(inset), F = 50 μm. * p-value < 0.05