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. 2023 Oct 9;21:708. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04554-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Biological effects of ionizing radiation on human normal tissues. In radiotherapy, ionizing radiation causes a variety of biological effects that result in cellular damage. Ionizing radiation causes cellular DNA breakage, leading to apoptosis and senescence. In addition, ionizing radiation causes oxidative damage due to an imbalance of oxidative stress. During cancer treatment, ionizing radiation can cause damage to the heart, liver, lung, kidney, intestines, skin and other organs. The stages of damage are mainly divided into acute and chronic fibrosis. (Figure was created with https://www.Biorender.com)