Table 1.
Current medications studied for radiation-induced fibrosis
| Name | Molecular type | Target/action | Site | Stage of project trial | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOD-TAT | Ligand-modified SOD | Scavenging ROS and free radicals | Lung | Preclinical study | [296] |
| AEOL10113 | Nonenzymatic SOD mimic | Suppressing redox-regulated pathways | Lung, rectum, prostate | Preclinical study | [300, 302, 305] |
| Melatonin | Indole-derived hormone | Scavenging ROS and RNS and activating antioxidative enzymes | Lung | Preclinical study | [307] |
| Combined PTX and Vit E | A methylxanthine derivative and a vitamin | antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and suppressing the TGF-β pathway | Neck and chest | In clinical use | [314–317] |
| Triptolide | Diterpenoid epoxide | Inhibiting the activity of alveolar macrophages and the IKKβ/NF-κB pathway | Lung | Preclinical study | [324] |
| SKI2162, EW-7197, LY2157299, LY2109761 | TGFβR I inhibitor | Blocking TGF-β receptor I | Lung, skin | Preclinical study | [325–328] |
| P144 | Hydrophobic peptide | Binding to soluble TGF-β1 | Muscle | Preclinical study | [329] |
| Imatinib | Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor | Blocking PDGF receptor | Lung, skin | Preclinical study | [331] |
| Pamrevlumab | Monoclonal antibody | Blocking CTGF receptor | Lung | Preclinical study | [105] |
| sLRP6E1E2 | Soluble Wnt receptor | Binding to extracellular Wnt ligands | Skin | Preclinical study | [101] |
| Curcumin | Natural polyphenol | Activating antioxidative enzymes, inhibiting NF-κB pathway and downregulating inflammatory factors | Lung, skin | Preclinical study | [364, 366] |
| Rosmarinic acid | Natural polyphenol | Inhibiting RhoA/Rock pathway | Lung, parotid glands | Preclinical study | [370, 371] |
| GSPs | Plant extract | Ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibiting MAPK pathway | Lung, breast | In clinical trials (NCT00041223) | [377] |
| Pirfenidone | Pyridone analog | Inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway | Lung, skin | In clinical trials (NCT03902509) | [385] |
| Nintedanib | Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor | VEGF receptor, FGF receptor and PDGF receptor | Lung | Preclinical study | [386] |
| Esomeprazole | Proton pump inhibitor | inducing of MAPK/Nrf2/HO1 pathway and inhibiting of DDAH/iNOS pathway | Skin | Preclinical study | [345] |
| Metformin | activating AMPK and Inhibiting respiratory chain complex I | Lung, heart, skin | Preclinical study | [390–394] | |
| Losartan | ACEI | inhibiting TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway | Heart, breast | In clinical trials (NCT05637216) (NCT05607017) | [354] |
| Deferoxamine | Iron chelator | Inhibiting HIF-1α | Skin | Preclinical study | [356–358] |
| Methoxyestradiol | Metabolite of estradiol | inhibiting HIF-1α | Lung, skin | Preclinical study | [359, 361] |
| MSCs | secreting anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic factors | Lung, parotid glands | In clinical trials (NCT02513238) (NCT02277145) | [400] |
SOD superoxide dismutase; PTX pentoxifylline; Vit E vitamin E; GSPs Grape seed proanthocyanidins; MSCs Mesenchymal stem cells