Table 5.
Awareness, attitudes, and acceptability categories by participants’ characteristics
| Variables | Awareness | Attitudes | Acceptability | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inadequately aware, n(%) | Adequately aware, n (%) | N | p Value | Negative attitudes, n(%) | Positive attitudes, n(%) | N | p Value | Low acceptability, n(%) | High acceptability, n (%) | N | p Value | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age groups | ||||||||||||
| 16–20 | 65(69.2) | 29(30.8) | 94 | 0.953 | 4(4.2) | 90(95.8) | 94 | 0.019 | 2(2.1) | 92(97.9) | 94 | 0.539 |
| 21–30 | 233(70.2) | 99(29.8) | 332 | 47(14.2) | 285(85.8) | 332 | 12(3.6) | 320(96.4) | 332 | |||
| 31–40 | 139 (70.9) | 57(29.1) | 196 | 32(16.3) | 164(83.7) | 196 | 5(2.5) | 191(97.5) | 196 | |||
| 41–49 | 31 (73.8) | 11(26.2) | 42 | 3(7.2) | 39(92.8) | 42 | 0 | 42(100) | 42 | |||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| No formal education | 116(89.2) | 14(10.8) | 130 | < 0.01 | 25(19.2) | 105(80.8) | 130 | 0.01 | 4(3.1) | 126(96.9) | 130 | 0.518 |
| Primary | 295(67.3) | 143(32.7) | 438 | 44(10.1) | 394(89.9) | 438 | 14(3.2) | 424(96.8) | 438 | |||
| Secondary and above | 56(58.9) | 56(41.1) | 95 | 16(16.8) | 79(83.2) | 95 | 1(1.1) | 94(98.9) | 95 | |||
| Religion | ||||||||||||
| Christian | 458(70.2) | 195(29.8) | 653 | 0.134 | 82(12.5) | 571(87.5) | 653 | 0.02 | 19(2.9) | 634(97.1) | 653 | 0.566 |
| Muslim | 10(90.9) | 1(9.1) | 11 | 4(36.4) | 7(63.6) | 11 | 0 | 11(100) | 11 | |||
| Occupation | ||||||||||||
| Farmer | 429(69.8) | 186(30.2) | 615 | 0.165 | 72(11.7) | 543(88.3) | 615 | < 0.01 | 16(2.6) | 599(97.4) | 615 | 0.337 |
| Civil servant | 14(70) | 6(30) | 20 | 8(40) | 12(60) | 20 | 1(5.0) | 19(95.0) | 20 | |||
| Private and Business | 25(86.2) | 4(13.8) | 29 | 6(20.7) | 23(79.3) | 29 | 2(6.9) | 27(93.1) | 29 | |||
| Health insurance | ||||||||||||
| Public health cover | 453(70.7) | 188(29.3) | 641 | 0.573 | 78(12.2) | 563(87.8) | 641 | < 0.01 | 19(2.9) | 622(97.1) | 641 | 0.402 |
| Civil servant and private health cover | 15(65.2) | 8(34.8) | 23 | 8(34.8) | 15(65.2) | 23 | 0 | 23(100) | 23 | |||
| Obstetric characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Ever had birth defects | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 9(81.8) | 2(18.2) | 11 | 0.406 | 4(36.3) | 7(63.7) | 11 | 0.02 | 1(9.1) | 10(90.9) | 11 | 0.211 |
| No | 459(70.3) | 194(29.7) | 653 | 82(12.5) | 571(87.5) | 653 | 18(2.8) | 635(97.2) | 653 | |||
| Ever had Still birth | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 14(82.3) | 3(17.7) | 17 | 0.277 | 7(41.2) | 10(58.8) | 17 | < 0.01 | 0 | 17(100) | 17 | 0.473 |
| No | 454(70.2) | 193(29.8) | 647 | 79(12.2) | 568(87.8) | 647 | 19(2.9) | 628(97.1) | 647 | |||
| Current pregnancy trimester | ||||||||||||
| I | 112(56.5) | 86(43.5) | 198 | < 0.01 | 9(4.5) | 189(95.5) | 198 | < 0.01 | 4(2.1) | 194(97.9) | 198 | 0.735 |
| II | 157(75.5) | 51(24.5) | 208 | 16(7.7) | 192(92.3) | 208 | 8(3.8) | 200(96.2) | 208 | |||
| III | 198(77.0) | 59(23) | 257 | 61(23.7) | 196(76.3) | 257 | 7(2.7) | 250(97.3) | 257 | |||
| First ANC trimester | ||||||||||||
| I | 262(67.9) | 124(32.1) | 386 | < 0.01 | 70(18.2) | 316(81.8) | 386 | < 0.01 | 13(3.4) | 373(96.6) | 386 | 0.604 |
| II | 128(75.3) | 42(24.7) | 170 | 14(8.2) | 156(91.8) | 170 | 5(2.9) | 165(97.1) | 170 | |||
| III | 75(76.5) | 23(23.5) | 98 | 2(2.1) | 96(97.9) | 98 | 1(1.0) | 97(99.0) | 98 | |||
| Any relative (in at least last 3 generations) diagnosed with GD | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 23(47.9) | 25(52.1) | 48 | < 0.01 | 3(6.2) | 45(93.8) | 48 | 0.151 | 1(2.1) | 47(97.9) | 48 | 0.737 |
| No | 445(72.3) | 171(27.8) | 616 | 83(13.5) | 533(86.5) | 616 | 18(2.9) | 598(97.1) | 616 | |||
| Smoking | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1(100) | 0 | 1 | 0.517 | 1(100) | 0 | 1 | < 0.01 | 0 | 1(100) | 1 | 0.864 |
| No | 467(70.5) | 196(29.5) | 663 | 85(12.8) | 578(87.2) | 663 | 19(2.8) | 644(97.2) | 663 | |||
| My partner smoke | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 13(86.7) | 2(13.3) | 15 | 0.165 | 7(46.7) | 8(53.3) | 15 | < 0.01 | 1(6.6) | 14(93.4) | 15 | 0.371 |
| No | 455(70.1) | 194(29.9) | 649 | 79(12.2) | 570(87.8) | 649 | 18(2.7) | 631(97.3) | 649 | |||
| Frequently eat vegetables | ||||||||||||
| Never or rarely | 345(70.9) | 141(29.1) | 486 | 0.637 | 76(15.6) | 410(84.4) | 486 | < 0.01 | 15(3.1) | 471(96.9) | 486 | 0.566 |
| More often | 123(69.1) | 55(30.9) | 178 | 10(5.6) | 168(94.4) | 178 | 4(2.2) | 174(97.8) | 178 | |||
| Frequently eat fruits | ||||||||||||
| Never or rarely | 321(72.5) | 122(27.5) | 443 | 0.114 | 76(17.2) | 367(82.8) | 443 | < 0.01 | 14(3.2) | 429(96.8) | 443 | 0.513 |
| More often | 147(33.5) | 74(33.5) | 221 | 10(4.5) | 211(95.5) | 221 | 5(2.2) | 216(97.8) | 221 | |||
| Having a small vegetable yard at home | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 371(68.2) | 173(31.8) | 544 | < 0.01 | 70(12.8) | 474(87.2) | 544 | 0.891 | 17(3.2) | 527(96.8) | 544 | 0.386 |
| No | 97(80.8) | 23(19.2) | 120 | 16(13.3) | 104(86.7) | 120 | 2(1.7) | 118(98.3) | 120 | |||
| TOTAL | 468(70.5) | 196(29.5) | 664 | 86(12.9) | 578(87.1) | 664 | 19(2.9) | 645(97.1) | 664 | |||