Table 4.

Summary of treatments for stoma retraction

Type of treatment	Indications	Drawbacks
Non-operative management	Limited and superficial stoma retraction (intestine at the skin or at subcutaneous level)	Risk of deeper retraction Patient discomfort
Emergency surgical treatment	Deep stoma retraction with signs of intra-abdominal contamination	Risk of surgical complications (infections, recurrence, ischemia) Risk of non-surgical complications
Elective surgical treatment	Failure of conservative approach to allow an adequate adhesion of stoma appliances Persistent complications, especially infectious and skin complications Deep stoma retraction without intra-abdominal contamination	Risk of surgical and non-surgical complications