Table 8.

Summary of treatments for stoma stenosis

Type of treatment	Indications	Drawbacks
Non-operative management	Mild-moderate stenosis Bridge to surgery	Further fibrosis and stenosis Poor results in the long-term
Emergency surgical treatment	Rare indication: technical failure for inadequate procedure with early postoperative occlusion	Further surgical stress often in high-risk, fragile patients
Elective surgical treatment	Moderate or severe stenosis Stenosis not responding to non-operative management	Risk of high complications rate in case of laparotomy and stoma refashioning if local revision not suitable