Table 4.

Effect size of BMI with visceral fat area status on ePWV (cm/s) in prespecified and exploratory subgroups, weighted.

Stratification	BMI/VFA status								P
	Normal weight normal visceral fat β (95% CI), P	Normal Weight visceral obesity β (95% CI), P	Overweight normal visceral fat β (95% CI), P	Overweight visceral obesity β (95% CI), P	Obese grade 1 normal visceral fat β (95% CI), P	Obese grade 1 visceral obesity β (95% CI), P	Obese grade 2 normal visceral fat β (95% CI), P	Obese grade 2 visceral obesity β (95% CI), P
Gender									0.575
Male	Reference	56.3 (23.9, 88.7), 0.0026	−3.9 (−13.4, 5.6), 0.4283	16.3 (4.4, 28.3), 0.0134	−4.5 (−16.7, 7.7), 0.4744	28.2 (12.5, 43.9), 0.0020	8.6 (−15.2, 32.4), 0.4863	29.9 (11.4, 48.3), 0.0044
Female	Reference	51.6 (15.8, 87.3), 0.0098	2.7 (−10.5, 15.9), 0.6939	32.5 (18.1, 47.0), 0.0002	−0.1 (−16.6, 16.4), 0.9877	33.7 (14.5, 52.9), 0.0023	10.7 (−8.1, 29.5), 0.2750	26.2 (8.9, 43.4), 0.0071
Age									0.243
<40 years	Reference	31.4 (8.5, 54.3), 0.0133	1.2 (−5.8, 8.3), 0.7372	16.5 (5.9, 27.1), 0.0058	2.5 (−6.8, 11.9), 0.5977	29.4 (18.7, 40.1), <0.0001	14.5 (0.0, 29.0), 0.0624	30.7 (16.5, 44.9) 0.0003
≥40 years	Reference	59.4 (32.8, 86.0), 0.0002	−3.8 (−21.4, 13.8), 0.6774	24.3 (9.5, 39.1), 0.0040	−13.3 (−39.2, 12.6), 0.3261	31.9 (12.2, 51.7), 0.0044	−3.9 (−44.9, 37.1), 0.8539	25.4 (2.3, 48.5) 0.0422
Diabetes									0.151
No	Reference	54.6 (26.9, 82.3), 0.0008	0.7 (−7.4, 8.7), 0.8754	21.6 (11.7, 31.5), 0.0003	−2.1 (−13.3, 9.0), 0.7099	29.8 (15.3, 44.3), 0.0006	11.3 (−4.8, 27.4), 0.1826	30.2 (14.8, 45.6), 0.0009
Yes	Reference	53.4 (−0.8, 107.6) 0.0664	−46.5 (−92.8, −0.3), 0.0615	23.7 (−25.8, 73.3), 0.3579	−7.7 (−67.1, 51.6), 0.8015	29.0 (−21.4, 79.5), 0.2716	−13.9 (−67.4, 39.5), 0.6146	9.1 (−34.0, 52.2), 0.6824
Hypertension									0.086
No	Reference	57.5 (34.2, 80.8), 0.0001	−0.5 (−8.2, 7.3), 0.9073	26.1 (14.6, 37.7), 0.0002	4.2 (−7.3, 15.8), 0.4773	33.5 (20.7, 46.4), <0.0001	15.8 (0.6, 31.0), 0.0541	36.7 (23.6, 49.7), <0.0001
Yes	Reference	37.2 (−20.1, 94.4), 0.2168	-9.8 (-40.9, 21.2), 0.5408	−0.3 (−26.4, 25.9), 0.9843	−36.2 (−68.4, −4.0), 0.0382	8.7 (−24.9, 42.4), 0.6163	−23.5 (−62.6, 15.5), 0.2502	−2.7 (−35.2, 29.7), 0.8715
Hyperlipidemia									0.390
No	Reference	21.6 (−38.3, 81.6), 0.4868	−4.8 (−14.3, 4.7), 0.3344	14.6 (−3.5, 32.8), 0.1279	0.6 (−11.9, 13.1), 0.9259	23.1 (6.3, 40.0), 0.0135	9.1 (−8.6, 26.8), 0.3228	26.4 (9.5, 43.2), 0.0056
Yes	Reference	71.2 (48.8, 93.6), <0.0001	6.2 (−6.2, 18.6), 0.3395	29.1 (15.2, 42.9), 0.0005	−4.1 (−21.9, 13.7), 0.6571	38.0 (21.5, 54.6), 0.0002	10.9 (−14.9, 36.7), 0.4153	31.5 (13.4, 49.6), 0.0025
Leisure time physical activity									0.162
Poor	Reference	49.2 (0.5, 97.9), 0.0662	−7.6 (−21.9, 6.8), 0.3165	17.5 (2.5, 32.4), 0.0367	−1.7 (−17.7, 14.3), 0.8367	30.6 (10.0, 51.2), 0.0106	10.7 (−20.9, 42.2), 0.5174	31.9 (13.9, 49.9), 0.0034
Intermediate	Reference	49.1 (14.9, 83.2), 0.0130	−1.8 (−19.9, 16.3), 0.8479	26.0 (8.0, 43.9), 0.0125	-39.1 (−67.7, −10.4), 0.0174	18.2 (−2.5, 38.8), 0.1049	−4.7 (−29.5, 20.2), 0.7172	20.7 (−5.1, 46.4), 0.1373
Optimal	Reference	68.2 (31.9, 104.6), 0.0022	4.0 (−6.8, 14.9), 0.4755	26.5 (7.1, 46.0), 0.0175	7.6 (−5.1, 20.4), 0.2597	37.4 (19.1, 55.7), 0.0012	12.0 (−5.0, 28.9), 0.1867	20.8 (1.0, 40.7), 0.0574
Body surface area									0.163
<1.88 m2	Reference	63.7 (32.6, 94.8), 0.0006	0.1 (−11.3, 11.6), 0.9827	36.5 (24.1, 48.9), <0.0001	−4.5 (−22.1, 13.0), 0.6175	28.0 (4.7, 51.3), 0.0278	−15.8 (-59.2, 27.6), 0.4840	6.7 (−19.5, 32.9), 0.6215
≥1.88 m2	Reference	49.7 (3.8, 95.5), 0.0454	1.6 (−11.6, 14.9), 0.8115	17.7 (3.6, 31.7), 0.0222	2.0 (−13.0, 17.1), 0.7952	35.2 (17.7, 52.8), 0.0007	14.9 (−3.8, 33.5), 0.1324	32.2 (16.2, 48.3), 0.0007

Results are shown as (for ePWV) survey-weighted coefficients (95% CI), P-value.

P-values are calculated by global chi-square test.

^aThe relationship between BMI/visceral fat status on ePWV (cm/s) stratified by gender, age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, leisure time physical activity, and body surface area after adjusting gender, age, race, education, marital status, family poverty income ratio, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, alcohol drinking, leisure time physical activity, and body surface area. The model is not adjusted for the stratification variable.

BMI, body mass index; ePWV, estimated pulse wave velocity; VFA, visceral fat area.