TABLE 1.
The antimicrobial activity of GA.
| Compounds | Strains | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| GA | Escherichia coli | Blocked the catalase activity, inhibition of biofilm formation by the effect on the pgaABCD genes expression | Kang, Li, et al. (2018), Wang et al. (2018) |
| GA | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Disrupted membrane integrity, inhibited the growth and production of capsular polysaccharide | Khorsandi et al. (2021) |
| GA | Staphylococcus aureus | Inhibited the biofilm formation by the effect on the expression of the ica operon | Liu et al. (2017) |
| GA | Shigella flexneri | In the destroyed cell, the bacterial morphology inhibited biofilm formation by the effect on the expression of the mdoH gene and the OpgH protein | Kang, Liu, et al. (2018) |
| Octyl gallate | E. coli and S. aureus | Destroying the cell wall, Penetration the cell, interacting with DNA, damaging the activity of the respiratory chain, increasing the production of ROS | Shi et al. (2021) |
| GA‐grafted‐chitosans + ampicillin penicillin oxacillin | MRSA | Had synergic effects on bacteria, induced loss of membrane integrity, and released intracellular components | Lee et al. (2014) |
| GA+ hydroxytyrosol | E. coli S. pyogenes, K. Pneumoniae, S. aureus | Inhibited the growth of bacteria and had a synergistic effect against all four strains | Tafesh et al. (2011) |
| GA+ ceftiofur | S. Typhimurium | This compound had an additive effect on bacteria, inhibited the growth of plankton and bacterial biofilm, changed the morphology of bacteria, and inhibited the swimming and swarming motilities of bacterial | Hossain, Park, Lee, et al. (2020) |
| GA+ thiamphenicol | E. coli | Altered bacterial morphology, synergistically inhibited the growth of plankton and bacterial biofilms | Hossain, Park, Park, et al. (2020) |
| Au‐NP‐ GA | P. shigelloides S. flexneri | Destruction of membrane surface macromolecules | Daduang et al. (2016) |
| GA‐ loaded – ZnO NPs | MRSA | Had strong antioxidant and antibiotic effects | Lee et al. (2017) |
| GAGO | MRSA | The nanoformulation significantly increased the antibacterial activity of GA | Shamsi et al. (2018) |
| GA‐g‐chitin‐glucan complex | E. coli B. subtilis | Had stronger antibacterial properties compared to the unmodified chitin‐glucan complex | Singh et al. (2019) |
Abbreviations: GA‐g‐chitin‐glucan, GA grafted chitin‐glucan complex; GAGO, GA Loaded Graphene Oxide; P. shigelloides, Plesiomonas shigelloides; S. flexneri, Shigella Flexner.