TABLE 2.
The anticancer activity of GA.
| Compounds | Cancer | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| GA | Colon cancer (Male albino Wistar rats) | Increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase activity | Giftson et al. (2010) |
| GA | Nonsmall‐cell lung cancer (A549 and NCI‐H1299 cell lines) | Inhibited proliferation and elevated apoptosis in cells by suppression of EGFR and reduced CARM1‐PELP1 complex formation | Wang and Bao (2020) |
| GA | Gastric adenocarcinoma cells | Induced apoptosis by up‐regulation of Fas, FasL, and DR5 expression | Tsai (2018) |
| AGS cells (ATCC CRL 1739). | |||
| GA | Bladder cancer (T24 cell line) | Inhibited the cell proliferation by disrupting PI3K/Akt/NF‐kB signaling pathways | Zeng et al. (2020) |
| GA |
Leukemia sensitive and its resistant sublines (HL60 cell HL60/VINC HL60/MX2) |
Altered cell cycle distribution and increased cell population in sub‐G1 | Maruszewska and Tarasiuk (2019) |
| Modulated ROS production in cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner | |||
| GA + paclitaxel carboplatin | Breast cancer (MCF‐7 cell line) | Cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, the minimum concentration of GA increased the induction of apoptosis by drugs, and triplet combination upregulated the expression of P53, Bax, and CASP‐3. | Aborehab et al. (2021) |
| GA+ Paclitaxel | Cervical (HeLa cells) | Increased apoptosis by upregulation of p53 and caspase 3 | Aborehab and Osama (2019) |
| GA+ Caffeic acid | Breast cancer (MCF‐7 cells) | Activation of apoptosis signaling pathways by regulating the expression of P53, Mcl‐1, and P21 | Rezaei‐Seresht et al. (2019) |
| GA+ low‐level laser | Melanoma and breast cancer (A375, and MDA‐MB‐231 cells) | Generated ROS and inducted apoptosis and ferroptosis | Khorsandi et al. (2020) |
| GA+ Cisplatin | Small cell lung cancer (H446 cells) | Increased cisplatin effect by producing ROS, increased Bax, Apaf‐1, DIABLO, and p53 expression, decreased XIAP expression, and MMP degradation | Wang et al. (2016) |
| GA+ Temozolomide | Human glioma cell (U87MG cells) | Increased the performance of the drug by reducing of Bcl‐2 expression and Akt activation, and activation of the p38‐MAPK pathway | Yang et al. (2022) |
| GA‐Gold NPs + radiotherapy | Human glioma cells (U251 cells) | Inhibited cell viability, increased radiotherapy function, induced apoptosis by increasing BAX expression, downregulated Bcl‐2 expression, and stopped cell cycle in S and G2/M phases. | Jing et al. (2021) |
| Graphene Oxide‐GA | Liver cancer cells (HepG2 cells) | Inhibited the growth of cancer cells without damaging normal cells | Dorniani et al. (2016) |
| Conjugated of the GA with PAMAM dendrimers | Human colorectal carcinoma (HCT 116 cells) | Synthesized particles increased GA uptake, inhibited cell proliferation and their colonogenic ability, decreased cancer cell migration by reducing MMP expression | Priyadarshi et al. (2021) |
| Promoted apoptosis in cancer cells by inhibiting NF‐κB activation | |||
| GA nanoparticles coated with alginate‐chitosan | Breast cancer cells (T47D cells) | Had strong cytotoxicity in cancer cells | Arsianti et al. (2020) |