Table 3.

Standard and specific bilateral peak and mean grip force deficits in male and female sport science students and grapplers (values are presented as mean and standard deviation).

	Students		Grapplers
	Male (n = 16)	Female (n = 15)	Male (n = 29)	Female (n = 13)
Standard bilateral peak force deficit (%)a–g	−1.7 ± 7.4	−1.2 ± 12.4	3.6 ± 14.7	9.9 ± 26.6
Specific bilateral peak force deficit (%)	−4.1 ± 6.4	−8.1 ± 11.3	−7.4 ± 16.7	−19.8 ± 13.1
Standard bilateral mean force deficit (%)a,h,i	−1.5 ± 8.3	−2.1 ± 11.3	2.0 ± 15.1	3.8 ± 20.6
Specific bilateral mean force deficit (%)	−1.8 ± 9.3	−6.1 ± 12.9	−5.5 ± 17.6	−17.6 ± 15.3

^a Grip mode main effect (p < 0.001), higher values in standard compared with specific grip (p < 0.001).

^b Grip mode and gender interaction effect (p < 0.05), higher values for males in the standard grip compared to females in the specific grip (p < 0.001).

^c Grip mode and gender interaction effect (p < 0.05), males in the specific grip presented higher values compared to females in the standard grip (p = 0.028).

^d Grip mode and gender interaction effect (p < 0.05), females in the specific mode presented lower deficits compared to females in the standard mode (p < 0.001).

^e Grip mode and group interaction effect (p < 0.05), students using standard grip achieved higher deficits than athletes using specific grip (p = 0.034).

^f Grip mode and group interaction effect (p < 0.05), athletes using standard grip achieved higher deficits than students using specific grip (p = 0.007).

^g Grip mode and group interaction effect (p < 0.05), athletes using standard grip achieved higher deficits than athletes using specific grip (p < 0.001).

^h Grip mode and gender interaction effect (p < 0.05), higher values for males in the standard grip compared with females in the specific grip (p < 0.01).

ⁱ Grip mode and gender interaction effect (p < 0.05), higher values for females in the standard grip compared to females in the specific grip (p < 0.01).