Table 2.
Comparison of Digital Ophthalmoscope in Various Ocular Pathologies
| Pathology | Device Type | Study Title | Digital Ophthalmoscope | Comparison Device | VCDR | Sensitivity | Specificity | k-Coefficient | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetic Retinopathy | Smartphone based | Karakaya8 | iExaminer | n/a | n/a | 61.0% | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| D-EYE | 62.0% | ||||||||
| Peek-Retina | 69.0% | ||||||||
| iNview | 75.00% | ||||||||
| Russo9 | D-Eye | Slit lamp | n/a | 81.00% | 98.0% | 0.780 | <0.0001 | ||
| Desktop-based and handheld non-mydriatic | Prathiba12 | FOP NM- 10 | Desktop mydriatic camera | n/a | 75.20% | 95.20% | 0. 850 | <0.0001 | |
| Malerib13 | Canon CR | BIO | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.670–0.740 | n/a | ||
| Glaucoma | Smartphone based | Russo14 | D-Eye | Slit lamp | 0.1–0.9 | 38.0–100% | 84.0–100% | 0.630 | <0.0001 |
| Bastawrous15 | iExaminer kit | Desktop retinal camera | 0.7–1.0 | n/a | n/a | 0.690 | n/a | ||
| Giardini16 | Ophthalmoscope adapter on Samsung S3 | n/a | 0.1–1.0 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | ||
| Desktop-based and handheld non-mydriatic | Issac17 | PanOptic | n/a | n/a | 100% | 90.0% | n/a | n/a | |
| Cataracts | Smartphone based | Dickson18 | D-Eye | Indirect ophthalmoscope | n/a | 73.2% | 97.0% | n/a | n/a |
| Furdova19 | Lenovo Smartphone with Volk Lens 20D | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Abbreviation: VCDR = vertical cup to disc ratio