Table 2.
Symptom Predictors of Influenza Virus Infections Among Pregnant Women With Respiratory Illness: PRIME Cohort Study, 2017–2018
| Influenza Positive (n = 310) | Influenza Negative (n = 5134) | P | Final Model | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | aORa | 95% CI | P | ||
| Subjective fever | 85 | (27) | 369 | (7) | <.0001* | … | … | … |
| Measured fever ≥38.0°C | 55 | (18) | 131 | (3) | <.0001* | 4.6 | 3.3, 6.8 | <.0001* |
| Chills | 50 | (16) | 353 | (7) | <.0001* | 1.6 | 1.1, 2.3 | .01* |
| Myalgias | 206 | (66) | 2029 | (40) | <.0001* | 2.9 | 2.2, 3.9 | <.0001* |
| Cough | 268 | (86) | 3264 | (64) | <.0001* | 2.7 | 1.9, 3.9 | <.0001* |
| Runny nose | 281 | (91) | 4588 | (89) | .48 | … | … | … |
| Difficulty breathing | 123 | (40) | 1567 | (31) | .0007* | … | … | … |
| Sore throat | 262 | (85) | 3912 | (76) | .0008* | … | … | … |
N = 5444 illness episodes.
*
Significant at ɑ = .05.
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PRIME, Pregnancy and Influenza Multinational Epidemiologic.
a
All models include the following covariates: country, continuous age in years, influenza vaccination status for the current season defined as verified receipt of influenza vaccine at least 14 days prior to report of symptom onset, categorical education, dichotomous underlying chronic condition, time between symptom onset and swab collection, and interaction terms for country and education and country and vaccination.