Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients initiating any sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor or any dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in the Maccabi Healthcare System, after propensity score-matching
| Variable | SGLT2is (n=9824) | DPP4is (n=9824) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, yr, mean (SD) | 61 (11) | 61 (12) | |
| Women, n (%) | 3820 (39) | 3868 (39) | |
| SES,a n (%) | 1–3 | 1227 (13) | 1190 (12) |
| 4–5 | 2911 (30) | 2902 (30) | |
| 6–7 | 3442 (35) | 3466 (35) | |
| 8–10 | 2229 (23) | 2246 (23) | |
| Missing | 15 (0.2) | 20 (0.2) | |
| Year of study entry, n (%) | 2015–2016 | 2129 (22) | 2262 (23) |
| 2017–2018 | 3723 (38) | 3245 (33) | |
| 2019–2020 | 3972 (40) | 4344 (44) | |
| Medical history | |||
| Years in diabetes registry, mean (SD) | 8 (6) | 8 (6) | |
| Established cardiovascular disease history,b n (%) | 2333 (24) | 2265 (23) | |
| Without evidence of cardiovascular or kidney disease, n (%) | 5161 (53) | 5306 (54) | |
| Hypertension registry,b n (%) | 6022 (61) | 6028 (61) | |
| History of smoking, n (%) | Current smoker | 1258 (13) | 1225 (13) |
| Past smoker | 285 (3) | 277 (3) | |
| Never smoker | 4298 (44) | 4292 (44) | |
| Unknown | 3983 (41) | 4030 (41) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD), (No. patients with a measurement) | 32 (6), (8651) | 32 (6), (8445) | |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD), (No. patients with a measurement) | 8 (2), (9774) | 8 (2), (9759) | |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dl, mean (SD), (No. patients with a measurement) | 174 (61), (9268) | 175 (62), (9203) | |
| Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dl, mean (SD), (No. patients with a measurement) | 95 (37), (8848) | 93.5 (35), (8729) | |
| High-density lipoprotein, mg/dl, mean (SD), (No. patients with a measurement) | 43 (11), (9743) | 44 (11), (9706) | |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg, mean (SD), (No. patients with a measurement) | 133 (15), (9331) | 133 (16), (9299) | |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg, mean (SD), (No. patients with a measurement) | 78 (10), (9331) | 79 (10), (9299) | |
| Diabetes medications | |||
| Metformin, n (%) | 9211 (94) | 9290 (95) | |
| Insulin, n (%) | All | 1933 (20) | 1796 (18) |
| Basal insulin | 1785 (18) | 1694 (17) | |
| Fast-acting insulin | 634 (7) | 610 (6) | |
| Sulfonylureas, n (%) | 1389 (14) | 1413 (14) | |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, n (%) | 352 (4) | 342 (4) | |
| Thiazolidinediones, n (%) | 346 (4) | 340 (4) | |
| Cardiovascular medications | |||
| RAAS inhibitors, n (%) | 6294 (64) | 6237 (64) | |
| Statin, n (%) | 7613 (78) | 7599 (77) | |
| β blocker, n (%) | 3473 (35) | 3420 (35) | |
| Antihypertensives, n (%) | 6965 (71) | 6932 (71) | |
| Aldosterone antagonist, n (%) | 450 (5) | 395 (4) | |
| Kidney markers | |||
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2, n (%) | >90 | 5573 (57) | 5573 (57) |
| 60–90 | 3430 (35) | 3430 (35) | |
| 45–60 | 661 (7) | 661 (7) | |
| 30–45 | 160 (2) | 160 (2) | |
| Mean (SD) | 89 (18) | 90 (19) | |
| UACR, mg/g, n (%) | Urine albumin below detectable levels | 3589 (37) | 3620 (37) |
| <15 | 1467 (15) | 1501 (15) | |
| 15–<30 | 1276 (13) | 1296 (13) | |
| 30–<300 | 2311 (24) | 2251 (23) | |
| ≥300 | 611 (6) | 563 (6) | |
| Missing | 570 (6) | 593 (6) | |
| Median (IQR) | 12 (0–45) | 12 (0–42) | |
SGLT2i, sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors; SES, socioeconomic status; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; IQR, interquartile range.
a
Socioeconomic status was ranked on a 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) scale. This parameter was categorized into four groups: low (1–3), low-medium (4–5), medium (6–7), and high (8–10).
b
Based on Maccabi Healthcare Services's validated registries.