Table 4. Total, direct, and indirect effects of race/ethnicity (Non-White vs. White) vs. time to all-cause dementia through SES, lifestyle, health-related and cognitive performance factors among middle-aged adults (Agebase: 50–74 y); The UK Biobank 2006–2021a.
| MODEL A | MODEL B | |||
| β | (SE), p | β | (SE), p | |
| Main pathway | ||||
| RACE_ETHN → SES (β12) | −0.350 | (0.006), <0.001 | −0.351 | (0.006), <0.001 |
| SES → LE8LIFESTYLE (β23) | +0.270 | (0.003), <0.001 | +0.270 | (0.003), <0.001 |
| LE8LIFESTYLE → LE8BIOLOGICAL (β34) | +0.098 | (0.002), <0.001 | +0.098 | (0.002), <0.001 |
| LE8BIOLOGICAL → COGN(β45) | +0.025 | (0.001), <0.001 | — | — |
| COGN → DEMENTIA (β56) | +0.417 | (0.018), <0.001 | — | — |
| Selected direct effects on final outcomes | ||||
| RACE_ETHN → DEMENTIA(β16) | −0.123 | (0.079), 0.12 | +0.133 | (0.078), 0.089 |
| SES → DEMENTIA(β26) | −0.271 | (0.020), <0.001 | −0.338 | (0.020), <0.001 |
| LE8LIFESTYLE → DEMENTIA(β36) | −0.113 | (0.014), <0.001 | −0.110 | (0.014), <0.001 |
| LE8BIOLOGICAL → DEMENTIA(β46) | −0.027 | (0.014), 0.054 | −0.017 | (0.014), 0.24 |
| Other effects between endogenous variables | ||||
| SES → LE8BIOLOGICAL (β24) | +0.122 | (0.003), <0.001 | +0.122 | (0.003), <0.001 |
| SES → COGN (β25) | −0.138 | (0.002), <0.001 | — | — |
| LE8LIFESTYLE → COGN (β35) | +0.008 | (0.001), <0.001 | — | — |
| Other direct effects of race | ||||
| RACE_ETHN → LE8LIFESTYLE (β13) | +0.040 | (0.009), <0.001 | +0.040 | (0.009), <0.001 |
| RACE_ETHN → LE8BIOLOGICAL(β14) | −0.162 | (0.009), <0.001 | −0.163 | (0.009), <0.001 |
| RACE_ETHN → COGN(β15) | +0.530 | (0.006), <0.001 | — | — |
| Selected Indirect effects | ||||
| RACE_ETHN → SES → DEMENTIA(βA) | +0.095 | (0.007), <0.001 | +0.119 | (0.007), <0.001 |
| RACE_ETHN → SES → LE8LIFESTYLE → DEMENTIA(βB) | +0.011 | (0.001), <0.001 | +0.0104 | (0.0013), <0.001 |
| RACE_ETHN → SES → LE8LIFESTYLE → LE8BIOLOGICAL → DEMENTIA(βC) | +0.0002 | (0.0001), 0.054 | +0.00015 | (0.0001), 0.24 |
| RACE_ETHN → SES → LE8LIFESTYLE → LE8BIOLOGICAL → COGN → DEMENTIA(βD) | −0.00010 | (0.0000), 0.001 | — | — |
| RACE_ETHN → SES → LE8LIFESTYLE → COGN → DEMENTIA(βE) | −0.00032 | (0.00005), <0.001 | — | — |
| RACE_ETHN → SES → COGN → DEMENTIA(βF) | +0.0202 | (0.010), <0.001 | — | — |
| TOTAL EFFECT OF RACE_ETHN | +0.232 | (0.078), 0.003 | +0.232 | (0.078), 0.003 |
Abbreviations: COGN: Poor cognitive performance z-score; DEMENTIA: Dementia; LE8: Life’s essential 8’; RACE_ETHN: Racial minority status (Non-White vs. White); SES: Socio-economic status z-score. aValues are path coefficients β ± SE or non-linear combinations of path coefficients to compute selected indirect effects. → DEMENTIA associations are interpreted as Loge(HR) of these incident outcomes per unit exposure, as are total effects of RACE_ETHN. P for null hypothesis of β = 0.