Fig. 2 |. Proximal signalling molecules are sufficient to propagate CAR T cell activation.

a–c, Schematics (a), CAR expression (b) and in vitro activity (c) of CD19-targeting CARs with proximal signalling endodomains. CARs incorporated full-length (LCK, FYN, SLP-76 and PLCγ1), intracellular (LAT), or truncated (ZAP-70^KIDB; see Extended Data Fig. 1i–j) domains. In vitro activity was assessed by measurement of IL-2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the supernatant after co-culturing CAR T cells with CD19⁺ tumour cells (Nalm6). Data are mean ± s.d of three experimental replicates. Representative of three independent experiments performed with different blood donors. P values were determined by unpaired t-test (two-tailed). d, IL-2 secretion (as measured by ELISA) by HER2-targeting proximal signalling CARs after co-culture with HER2⁺ Nalm6 tumour cells. Mean ± s.d. of three experimental replicates. Representative of four independent experiments with different blood donors. P values were determined by unpaired t-test (two-tailed).