Table 2.
Mean score of nutrition literacy according to some possible determinant factors
| Variables | n | % | Mean | sd | P* value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical activity level | Inactivea | 200 | 18·6 | 66·8 | 8·23 | 0·014 |
| Moderately activeb | 426 | 39·7 | 68·5 | 8·96 | c > a | |
| Activec | 448 | 41·7 | 69·0 | 9·26 | ||
| Total screen time** | 0–1 ha | 36 | 3·4 | 71·4 | 11·52 | < 0·001 |
| 1–2 hb | 590 | 54·9 | 69·9 | 8·74 | a > c; b > c | |
| 3 h and morec | 448 | 41·7 | 66·2 | 8·63 | ||
| Duration of sleep | 0–6 h | 160 | 14·9 | 67·9 | 8·59 | 0·112 |
| 6–8 h | 625 | 58·2 | 68·1 | 9·21 | ||
| 9–12 h | 289 | 26·9 | 69·3 | 8·66 | ||
| Height for age | 3–15 percentile | 101 | 9·4 | 67·3 | 9·62 | 0·335 |
| 15–85 percentile | 661 | 61·5 | 68·3 | 9·23 | ||
| 85–95 percentile | 144 | 13·4 | 68·6 | 7·92 | ||
| ≥ 95 percentile | 168 | 15·6 | 69·3 | 8·43 | ||
| BMI for age | Underweight | 138 | 12·8 | 68·2 | 8·91 | 0·883 |
| Normal | 482 | 44·9 | 68·4 | 9·10 | ||
| Overweight | 192 | 17·9 | 69·0 | 9·11 | ||
| Obese | 262 | 24·4 | 68·2 | 8·75 | ||
| Skipping main meals during the day | Yes | 603 | 56·1 | 67·3 | 8·60 | < 0·001 |
| No | 471 | 43·9 | 69·8 | 9·27 | ||
| Skipped main meal | Breakfast | 294 | 48·8 | 67·6 | 8·66 | 0·262 |
| Lunch | 259 | 43·0 | 66·7 | 8·45 | ||
| Dinner | 50 | 8·3 | 68·6 | 8·94 | ||
| Foods preferred for snacks | Milk/yogurt a | 139 | 13·7 | 69·7 | 8·52 | < 0·001 |
| Nuts (hazelnuts, Peanuts, walnuts, etc.)b | 123 | 12·2 | 69·4 | 8·43 | ||
| Fruits c | 346 | 34·2 | 69·7 | 9·34 | b > e; a,c > d | |
| Sweet foods (cakes, cookies, chocolate, etc.)d | 254 | 25·1 | 66·5 | 8·71 | ||
| Chips, crackers and popcorne | 115 | 11·4 | 66·5 | 8·62 | ||
| Carbonated drinksf | 34 | 3·4 | 66·7 | 9·38 | ||
| Water consumption | 3–< 6 glassesa | 432 | 40·2 | 67·3 | 8·59 | 0·004 |
| ≥ 6–< 8 glassesb | 291 | 27·1 | 69·3 | 9·37 | c > a; b > a | |
| ≥ 8 glassesc | 351 | 32·7 | 69·0 | 9·01 | ||
| Frequency of fast-food consumption | Never a | 174 | 16·2 | 69·7 | 9·81 | < 0·001 |
| 1 d per week b | 527 | 49·1 | 68·6 | 8·79 | a > e,d, c | |
| 2–3 d per week c | 270 | 25·1 | 68·7 | 8·64 | ||
| 4–5 d per week d | 61 | 5·7 | 65·5 | 7·82 | ||
| Everyday e | 42 | 3·9 | 63·3 | 9·36 | ||
| KIDMED index score | ≤ 3 (low adherence)ª | 235 | 21·9 | 65·0 | 8·08 | < 0·001 |
| 4–7 (moderate adherence)b | 601 | 56·0 | 68·3 | 8·75 | c > b,a; b > a | |
| ≥ 8 (high adherence)c | 238 | 22·1 | 71·1 | 9·02 |
Significant values are shown in bold (P < 0·05).
*
Statistical significance of means difference was examined using one-way ANOVA.
**
Total screen time (daily computer, tablet, smartphone and TV usage time). Each variable was identified with a different letter (a, b, c, d, e, and f).