Table 2. Characteristics of subjects staple foods skippers or eaters.
| Male subjects | Female subjects | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
SS n=1,818 |
SE n=7,287 |
P value |
SS n=2,109 |
SE n=5,624 |
P value | ||
| lipids | Age, year＊ | 54.0 (14.0) | 54.0 (16.0) | 0.490§ | 53.0 (14.0) | 51.0 (15.0) | 0.001§ |
| BMI, kg/m2＊ | 23.4 (3.6) | 23.2 (3.7) | 0.006§ | 21.0 (3.6) | 20.7 (3.9) | 0.001§ | |
| Waist circumference, cm＊ | 83.7 (10.0) | 83.0 (10.7) | 0.007§ | 76.0 (11.1) | 75.0 (11.4) | 0.007§ | |
| Albumin, g/dL＊ | 4.3 (0.3) | 4.3 (0.3) | 0.161§ | 4.2 (0.3) | 4.2 (0.3) | 0.134§ | |
| Creatinine, mg/dL＊ | 0.92 (0.17) | 0.92 (0.17) | 0.097§ | 0.69 (0.13) | 0.68 (0.13) | 0.003§ | |
| ALT, IU/L＊ | 21.0 (12.0) | 21.0 (13.0) | 0.096§ | 15.0 (7.0) | 15.0 (8.0) | 0.634§ | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl＊ | 202.0 (40.0) | 198.0 (40.0) | ＜0.001§ | 209.0 (46.0) | 207.0 (46.0) | 0.004§ | |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL＊‡ | 95.0 (71.0) | 93.0 (67.0) | 0.169§ | 66.0 (40.0) | 66.0 (39.0) | 0.757§ | |
| Direct LDL-C, mg/dL＊ | 122.0 (39.0) | 122.0 (37.0) | 0.810§ | 121.0 (42.0) | 120.0 (41.0) | 0.616§ | |
| Calculated LDL-C, mg/dL＊ | 120.0 (37.7) | 119.4 (36.0) | 0.589§ | 123.4 (39.6) | 121.8 (41.4) | 0.212§ | |
| sdLDL-C, mg/dL＊‡ | 34.1 (22.7) | 31.6 (21.7) | ＜0.001§ | 25.8 (13.5) | 24.7 (12.6) | ＜0.001§ | |
| sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio＊‡ | 0.278 (0.158) | 0.256 (0.146) | ＜0.001§ | 0.215 (0.074) | 0.208 (0.064) | ＜0.001§ | |
| nonHDL-C, mg/dL＊ | 142.0 (40.0) | 141.0 (41.0) | 0.231§ | 138.0 (44.0) | 137.0 (45.8) | 0.185§ | |
| HDL-C, mg/dL＊ | 57.0 (18.0) | 55.0 (17.0) | ＜0.001§ | 70.0 (21.0) | 69.0 (19.0) | ＜0.001§ | |
| Diabetes treatment, n (%)＊＊ | 76 (4.2%) | 350 (4.8%) | 0.261† | 22 (1.0%) | 34 (0.6%) | 0.043† | |
| Diabetes, n (%)＊＊ | 153 (8.4%) | 576 (7.9%) | 0.472† | 28 (1.3%) | 48 (0.9%) | 0.060† | |
| Hypertension treatment, n (%)＊＊ | 347 (19.1%) | 1189 (16.3%) | 0.005† | 179 (8.5%) | 395 (7.0%) | 0.029† | |
| Hypertension, n (%)＊＊ | 611 (33.6%) | 2116 (29.0%) | ＜0.001† | 353 (16.7%) | 851 (15.1%) | 0.083† | |
| Smoker, n (%)＊＊ | 1,063 (58.5%) | 3,830 (52.6%) | ＜0.001† | 332 (15.7%) | 569 (10.1%) | ＜0.001† | |
| Drinker, n (%)＊＊ | 692 (38.1%) | 1,960 (26.9%) | ＜0.001† | 396 (18.8%) | 465 (8.3%) | ＜0.001† | |
| Snack eater, n (%)＊＊ | 301 (16.6%) | 1,550 (21.3%) | ＜0.001† | 1008 (47.8%) | 3,173 (56.4%) | ＜0.001† | |
＊Data are expressed as median (interquartile range). §Parameters were compared using T-test. P value ＜0.05 was considered statistically significant. ‡Variable was log-transformed prior to formal statistical analysis. ＊＊Data are expressed as number (percentage of) in cohort. †Parameters were compared using chi-square test. P value ＜0.05 was considered statistically significant.
“Diabetes” was defined as using anti-diabetic medication or having fasting blood glucose level ＞125 mg/dL. “Hypertension” was defined as using anti-hypertensive drugs or having systolic blood pressure ＞139 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ＞89 mmHg. “Smoker” was defined as current
smokers and ex-smokers. “Drinker” was defined as consuming alcohol every day. “Snack eater” was defined as consuming snacks every day.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; sdLDL-C, small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SE, staple foods eaters; SS, staple foods skippers