Table 4. Characteristics of subjects staple foods skippers or eaters by age group.
| (A) Male Subjects | Younger ＜55 y.o | Older ≥ 55 y.o | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
SS n=912 |
SE n=3,793 |
P value |
SS n=906 |
SE n=3,494 |
P value | ||
| lipids | Age, year＊ | 47.0 (9.0) | 46.0 (9.0) | 0.004§ | 61.0 (10.0) | 63.0 (11.0) | ＜0.001§ |
| BMI, kg/m2＊ | 23.5 (3.7) | 23.4 (3.9) | 0.344§ | 23.4 (3.3) | 23.1 (3.5) | 0.001§ | |
| Waist circumference, cm＊ | 83.0 (11.0) | 82.8 (10.9) | 0.492§ | 84.0 (9.6) | 83.5 (10.3) | 0.002§ | |
| Albumin, g/dL＊ | 4.4 (0.3) | 4.4 (0.3) | 0.154§ | 4.3 (0.3) | 4.2 (0.3) | 0.145§ | |
| Creatinine, mg/dL＊ | 0.92 (0.16) | 0.92 (0.16) | 0.378§ | 0.92 (0.17) | 0.92 (0.18) | 0.144§ | |
| ALT, IU/L＊ | 22.0 (14.0) | 22.0 (15.0) | 0.024§ | 20.0 (10.0) | 19.0 (11.0) | 0.473§ | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl＊ | 199.0 (41.0) | 197.0 (40.0) | 0.006§ | 204.0 (39.3) | 199.0 (40.0) | 0.001§ | |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL＊‡ | 93.0 (72.0) | 94.0 (74.0) | 0.829§ | 96.5 (68.3) | 92.0 (62.0) | 0.018§ | |
| Direct LDL-C, mg/dL＊ | 121.0 (40.0) | 122.0 (38.0) | 0.740§ | 122.0 (37.0) | 121.0 (37.0) | 0.962§ | |
| Calculated LDL-C, mg/dL＊ | 118.9 (38.4) | 118.4 (35.8) | 0.587§ | 121.5 (37.3) | 120.6 (35.8) | 0.880§ | |
| sdLDL-C, mg/dL＊ ‡ | 33.7 (23.4) | 31.6 (22.7) | 0.007§ | 34.4 (22.3) | 31.5 (20.6) | ＜0.001§ | |
| sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio＊‡ | 0.274 (0.158) | 0.253 (0.151) | ＜0.001§ | 0.283 (0.158) | 0.258 (0.141) | ＜0.001§ | |
| nonHDL-C, mg/dL＊ | 140.0 (42.3) | 141.0 (42.0) | 0.679§ | 144.0 (37.0) | 142.0 (41.0) | 0.188§ | |
| HDL-C, mg/dL＊ | 56.0 (17.0) | 54.0 (17.0) | ＜0.001§ | 58.0 (18.0) | 56.0 (18.0) | ＜0.001§ | |
| Diabetes treatment, n (%)＊＊ | 22 (2.4%) | 93 (2.5%) | 0.945† | 54 (6.0%) | 257 (7.4%) | 0.144† | |
| Diabetes, n (%)＊＊ | 50 (5.5%) | 161 (4.2%) | 0.105† | 103 (11.4%) | 415 (11.9%) | 0.672† | |
| Hypertension treatment, n (%)＊＊ | 78 (8.6%) | 268 (7.1%) | 0.122† | 269 (29.7%) | 921 (26.4%) | 0.044† | |
| Hypertension, n (%)＊＊ | 199 (21.8%) | 661 (17.4%) | 0.002† | 412 (45.5%) | 1455 (41.6%) | 0.038† | |
| Smoker, n (%)＊＊ | 465 (51.0%) | 1,761 (46.4%) | 0.013† | 598 (66.0%) | 2,069 (59.2%) | ＜0.001† | |
| Drinker, n (%)＊＊ | 290 (31.8%) | 778 (20.5%) | ＜0.001 | 402 (44.4%) | 1,182 (33.8%) | ＜0.001 | |
| Snack eater, n (%)＊＊ | 140 (15.4%) | 764 (20.1%) | 0.001 | 161 (17.8%) | 786 (22.5%) | 0.002 | |
| (B) Female Subjects | Younger ＜55 y.o | Older ≥ 55 y.o | |||||
|
SS n=1,188 |
SE n=3,404 |
P value |
SS n=921 |
SE n=2,220 |
P value | ||
| lipids | Age, year＊ | 47.0 (9.0) | 46.0 (9.0) | ＜0.001§ | 61.0 (10.0) | 62.0 (10.0) | ＜0.001§ |
| BMI, kg/m2＊ | 20.9 (3.6) | 20.6 (3.7) | 0.016§ | 21.2 (3.8) | 21.0 (4.0) | 0.043§ | |
| Waist circumference, cm＊ | 74.5 (10.6) | 74.0 (10.7) | 0.159§ | 77.2 (11.1) | 76.8 (11.9) | 0.061§ | |
| Albumin, g/dL＊ | 4.2 (0.3) | 4.3 (0.3) | 0.254§ | 4.2 (0.3) | 4.2 (0.3) | 0.487§ | |
| Creatinine, mg/dL＊ | 0.68 (0.13) | 0.67 (0.12) | ＜0.001§ | 0.70 (0.14) | 0.70 (0.14) | 0.964§ | |
| ALT, IU/L＊ | 14.0 (8.0) | 14.0 (8.0) | 0.275§ | 16.0 (7.0) | 17.0 (9.0) | 0.249§ | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl＊ | 197.5 (45.0) | 195.0 (44.0) | 0.065§ | 224.0 (42.0) | 223.5 (40.0) | 0.603§ | |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL＊‡ | 61.0 (34.0) | 62.0 (35.0) | 0.322§ | 73.0 (44.0) | 75.0 (41.0) | 0.667§ | |
| Direct LDL-C, mg/dL＊ | 112.0 (41.0) | 111.0 (39.0) | 0.967§ | 131.0 (39.5) | 132.0 (36.0) | 0.375§ | |
| Calculated LDL-C, mg/dL＊ | 113.0 (38.4) | 112.0 (38.8) | 0.479§ | 134.2 (37.4) | 135.6 (35.6) | 0.486§ | |
| sdLDL-C, mg/dL＊‡ | 23.3 (11.7) | 22.6 (11.5) | 0.053§ | 29.4 (15.1) | 28.1 (13.0) | 0.007§ | |
| sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio＊ | 0.207 (0.066) | 0.204 (0.062) | 0.002§ | 0.224 (0.077) | 0.215 (0.064) | ＜0.001§ | |
| nonHDL-C, mg/dL＊ | 127.0 (42.0) | 126.0 (42.0) | 0.647§ | 151.0 (41.0) | 152.0 (38.0) | 0.729§ | |
| HDL-C, mg/dL＊ | 69.0 (19.0) | 68.0 (18.0) | 0.002§ | 72.0 (21.0) | 71.0 (20.0) | 0.082§ | |
| Diabetes treatment, n (%)＊＊ | 7 (0.6%) | 11 (0.3%) | 0.206 | 15 (1.6%) | 23 (1.0%) | 0.167 | |
| Diabetes, n (%)＊＊ | 11 (0.9%) | 13 (0.4%) | 0.025 | 17 (1.8%) | 35 (1.6%) | 0.590 | |
| Hypertension treatment, n (%)＊＊ | 39 (3.3%) | 89 (2.6%) | 0.228 | 140 (15.2%) | 306 (13.8%) | 0.300 | |
| Hypertension, n (%)＊＊ | 95 (8.0%) | 270 (7.9%) | 0.943 | 258 (28.0%) | 581 (26.2%) | 0.288 | |
| Smoker, n (%)＊＊ | 203 (17.1%) | 394 (11.6%) | ＜0.001 | 129 (14.0%) | 175 (7.9%) | ＜0.001 | |
| Drinker, n (%)＊＊ | 201 (16.9%) | 255 (7.5%) | ＜0.001 | 195 (21.2%) | 210 (9.5%) | ＜0.001 | |
| Snack eater, n (%)＊＊ | 614 (51.7%) | 2,013 (59.1%) | ＜0.001 | 394 (42.8%) | 1,160 (52.3%) | ＜0.001 | |
＊Data are expressed as median (interquartile range). §Parameters were compared using T-test. P value ＜0.05 was considered statistically significant. Variable was log-transformed prior to formal statistical analysis. ＊＊Data are expressed as number (percentage of) in cohort. Parameters were compared using chi-square test. P value ＜0.05 was considered statistically significant.
“Diabetes” was defined as using anti-diabetic medication or having fasting blood glucose level ＞125 mg/dL. “Hypertension” was defined as using anti-hypertensive drugs or having systolic blood pressure ＞139 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ＞89 mmHg. “Smoker” was defined as current
smokers and ex-smokers. “Drinker” was defined as consuming alcohol every day. “Snack eater” was defined as consuming snacks every day.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; sdLDL-C, small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SE, staple foods eaters; SS, staple foods skippers