Table 6. SdLDL-C levels and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio of subjects staple foods skippers or eaters by lifestyle.

		Male subjects			Female subjects
		SS	SE	P value	SS	SE	P value
sdLDL-C, mg/dL＊‡	All	34.1 (22.7)	31.6 (21.7)	＜0.001§	25.8 (13.5)	24.7 (12.6)	＜0.001§
	Smoker	35.6 (24.7)	33.0 (22.6)	＜0.001§	25.8 (15.0)	25.0 (13.8)	0.137§
	Non-smoker	31.8 (20.4)	30.2 (20.3)	0.026§	25.8 (13.4)	24.7 (12.5)	＜0.001§
	Drinker	38.5 (24.9)	34.5 (23.6)	＜0.001§	28.6 (17.1)	26.8 (13.9)	0.002§
	Non-drinker	31.6 (20.9)	30.4 (20.7)	0.008§	25.3 (12.7)	24.6 (12.5)	0.092§
	Snack eater	29.6 (21.8)	29.3 (18.5)	0.108§	24.9 (12.3)	24.4 (12.6)	0.089§
	Non-snack eater	34.7 (22.8)	32.2 (22.3)	＜0.001§	26.5 (14.8)	25.2 (12.8)	0.001§
sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio＊‡	All	0.278 (0.158)	0.256 (0.146)	＜0.001§	0.215 (0.074)	0.208 (0.064)	＜0.001§
	Smoker	0.294 (0.178)	0.269 (0.157)	＜0.001§	0.234 (0.102)	0.214 (0.082)	0.006§
	Non-smoker	0.261 (0.136)	0.241 (0.129)	0.001§	0.213 (0.067)	0.208 (0.062)	＜0.001§
	Drinker	0.329 (0.181)	0.299 (0.171)	＜0.001§	0.256 (0.097)	0.246 (0.094)	0.004§
	Non-drinker	0.253 (0.132)	0.243 (0.130)	0.014§	0.206 (0.063)	0.206 (0.060)	0.129§
	Snack eater	0.244 (0.125)	0.236 (0.118)	0.094§	0.205 (0.058)	0.205 (0.059)	0.214§
	Non-snack eater	0.286 (0.162)	0.262 (0.151)	＜0.001§	0.225 (0.084)	0.213 (0.069)	＜0.001§

^＊Data are expressed as median (interquartile range). ^§Parameters were compared using T-test. P value ＜0.05 was considered statistically significant. ^‡Variable was log-transformed prior to formal statistical analysis.

“Smoker” was defined as current smokers and ex-smokers. “Drinker” was defined as consuming alcohol every day. “Snack eater” was defined as consuming snacks every day.

LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; sdLDL-C, small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SE, staple foods eaters; SS, staple foods skippers