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. 2023 Oct 10;14:6326. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42027-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Violin plots comparing the binding of purified serum IgA and IgG antibodies to gp140 between eART (blue, n = 38) and lART (red, n = 40). The mean AUC is indicated below each violin plot. Bars represent the medians. Groups were compared using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test with Welch’s correction. Antibodies were tested in duplicate. b Graphs comparing the in vitro neutralization activity of purified serum IgGs against Bal.26 (Bal), YU2.DG (YU2) and PVO.4 (PVO) between eART (n = 38) and lART (n = 40). Means from triplicates from TZM-bl assay experiments are shown. Pie charts summarize the frequency of individuals with IgG-mediated neutralizing activities (>10%) against one (1), two (2) or three (3) viruses (colored). White color indicates that no neutralization was detected (0). Groups were compared using 2 × 5 Fisher’s Exact test. c Violin plots comparing the binding of serum IgA, IgA1 and IgA2 antibodies to LPS between eART (blue, n = 38) and lART (red, n = 40). Means of triplicate values are shown. d Same as in (c) but for purified serum IgG and IgA antibodies against selected commensal bacteria. Bars in (c) and (d) represent the medians. Groups were compared using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test with Welch’s correction. Antibodies were tested in duplicate. e Graphs showing the reactivity profiles against commensal bacteria of purified serum antibodies (IgA, purple straight lines; IgG, purple dashed lines; n = 78 in total) and bacteria-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mucosal IgA, red line (n = 10) and mucosal IgG, green line (n = 5)). Data are presented as mean values ± SD. Cumulative distributions between groups were compared using the two-tailed Kolmogorov–Smirnov unpaired test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.