Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to their MIND diet score and DM status.
| Characteristics | Total (N = 6887) | MIND diet score -H/non-DM (N = 2601) | MIND diet score -L/non-DM (N = 3265) | MIND diet score -H/DM (N = 440) | MIND diet score -L/DM (N = 581) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 47.13 ± 0.45 | 48.25 ± 0.59 | 43.31 ± 0.42 | 61.29 ± 0.83 | 59.00 ± 1.05 | < 0.0001 |
| Sex, n (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Male | 3181(46.19) | 1046(38.25) | 1626(50.80) | 208(46.37) | 301(50.80) | |
| Female | 3706(53.81) | 1555(61.75) | 1639(49.20) | 232(53.63) | 280(49.20) | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 3809(55.31) | 1515(75.62) | 1831(71.90) | 221(74.80) | 242(59.40) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1333(19.36) | 410(8.36) | 672(12.74) | 76(11.24) | 175(20.92) | |
| Mexican American | 1272(18.47) | 482(8.16) | 542(7.64) | 119(8.48) | 129(8.53) | |
| Others | 473(6.87) | 194(7.86) | 220(7.72) | 24(5.47) | 35(11.15) | |
| Education level, n (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 1831(26.59) | 537(11.47) | 911(18.25) | 151(20.97) | 232(29.41) | |
| High school or equivalent | 1730(25.12) | 539(20.66) | 920(30.85) | 112(28.37) | 159(30.71) | |
| College or above | 3326(48.29) | 1525(67.86) | 1434(50.90) | 177(50.66) | 190(39.88) | |
| Family income to poverty ratio, n (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| < 1 | 1077(15.64) | 330(8.67) | 556(12.80) | 68(10.12) | 123(15.17) | |
| ≥ 1 & < 3 | 2781(40.38) | 956(30.71) | 1357(36.30) | 189(38.48) | 279(46.35) | |
| ≥ 3 | 2715(39.42) | 1204(57.09) | 1203(46.57) | 159(47.75) | 149(32.52) | |
| Unknown | 314(4.56) | 111(3.53) | 149(4.33) | 24(3.65) | 30(5.95) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Never | 3526(51.2) | 1426(54.16) | 1616(46.92) | 213(51.98) | 271(44.81) | |
| Former | 1920(27.88) | 782(29.56) | 764(21.48) | 175(37.60) | 199(31.21) | |
| Current | 1441(20.92) | 393(16.28) | 885(31.60) | 52(10.42) | 111(23.97) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| < 25.0 | 2082(30.71) | 883(36.60) | 1055(36.15) | 58(10.38) | 86(13.67) | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 2356(34.75) | 927(35.25) | 1114(32.14) | 155(31.49) | 160(27.51) | |
| ≥ 30.0 | 2341(34.53) | 757(28.15) | 1053(31.70) | 214(58.13) | 317(58.81) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Sedentary | 1774(25.76) | 518(13.65) | 877(20.22) | 142(26.50) | 237(35.64) | |
| Insufficient | 2621(38.06) | 1011(41.59) | 1275(42.24) | 156(39.90) | 179(36.19) | |
| Moderate | 1129(16.39) | 469(19.62) | 515(17.05) | 69(14.22) | 76(14.22) | |
| High | 1363(19.79) | 603(25.14) | 598(20.49) | 73(19.38) | 89(13.95) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2984(43.33) | 972(33.85) | 1245(33.44) | 325(74.86) | 442(75.34) | < 0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 4954(71.93) | 1812(68.01) | 2259(67.70) | 367(86.12) | 516(89.31) | < 0.0001 |
| Heart failure | 264(3.83) | 52(1.41) | 96(2.00) | 46(10.06) | 70(9.92) | < 0.0001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 498(7.24) | 145(4.04) | 193(4.58) | 64(13.88) | 96(15.78) | < 0.0001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 361(5.24) | 103(3.04) | 135(3.17) | 47(8.65) | 76(12.97) | < 0.0001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 200.23 ± 0.70 | 202.96 ± 1.41 | 198.56 ± 0.80 | 195.99 ± 3.28 | 198.94 ± 2.53 | 0.05 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 142.74 ± 2.53 | 131.79 ± 3.96 | 141.15 ± 3.68 | 186.56 ± 12.54 | 181.56 ± 7.43 | < 0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 115.77 ± 0.84 | 117.06 ± 1.45 | 115.88 ± 1.42 | 106.44 ± 2.70 | 115.34 ± 2.87 | 0.01 |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.47 ± 0.02 | 5.28 ± 0.01 | 5.27 ± 0.01 | 6.87 ± 0.10 | 7.11 ± 0.11 | < 0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 5.65 ± 0.04 | 5.28 ± 0.03 | 5.29 ± 0.02 | 8.37 ± 0.21 | 8.11 ± 0.23 | < 0.0001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 93.13 ± 0.66 | 92.21 ± 0.83 | 96.55 ± 0.62 | 80.17 ± 1.29 | 82.12 ± 1.38 | < 0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 97.53 ± 0.45 | 95.12 ± 0.60 | 96.76 ± 0.46 | 110.20 ± 1.19 | 110.26 ± 1.27 | < 0.0001 |
| Energy intake (Kcal) | 2117.02 ± 15.62 | 2086.27 ± 22.12 | 2196.58 ± 18.81 | 1889.66 ± 51.62 | 1862.77 ± 43.56 | < 0.0001 |
| DAPT | 8(0.12) | 2(0.02) | 2(0.04) | 2(0.17) | 2(0.47) | < 0.0001 |
| Statin therapy | 1073(15.59) | 322(10.19) | 353(9.66) | 175(45.09) | 223(41.06) | < 0.0001 |
Data are presented as weighted means ± SEs for continuous variables and unweighted numbers (weighted percentages) for categorical variables.
Low MIND score, the MIND score ≤ 8; High MIND score, the MIND score > 8.
MIND diet Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet, DM Diabetes mellitus, BMI Body mass index, TC Total cholesterol, TG Triglyceride, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c Glycosylated hemoglobin, type A1C; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, DAPT Dual antiplatelet therapy.