Table 2.
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of progression in diabetic retinopathy.
| Variables | DR progression | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | PY | IR | cHR | 95% CI | P | aHR† | 95% CI | P | |
| SGLT2is | |||||||||
| No | 884 | 198,802.3 | 4.45 | 1.00 | (Reference) | – | 1.00 | (Reference) | – |
| Yes | 819 | 195,671.96 | 4.19 | 0.95 | (0.86, 1.04) | 0.2726 | 0.89 | (0.81, 0.98)* | 0.0233 |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 780 | 176,808.44 | 4.41 | 1.00 | (Reference) | – | 1.00 | (Reference) | – |
| Male | 923 | 217,665.82 | 4.24 | 0.97 | (0.88, 1.06) | 0.5018 | 1.02 | (0.92, 1.12) | 0.7037 |
| Age, year | |||||||||
| 40–59 | 710 | 182,667.92 | 3.89 | 1.00 | (Reference) | – | 1.00 | (Reference) | – |
| 60–79 | 945 | 200,425.83 | 4.71 | 1.26 | (1.14, 1.39)*** | < 0.001 | 1.13 | (1.01, 1.25)* | 0.0267 |
| ≥ 80 | 48 | 11,380.50 | 4.22 | 1.19 | (0.89, 1.60) | 0.2370 | 1.02 | (0.75, 1.38) | 0.9043 |
| Income | |||||||||
| < 20,000 | 361 | 77,952.36 | 4.63 | 1.00 | (Reference) | – | 1.00 | (Reference) | – |
| 20,000–39,999 | 898 | 211,403.79 | 4.25 | 0.91 | (0.81, 1.03) | 0.1500 | 0.92 | (0.82, 1.04) | 0.1978 |
| ≥ 40,000 | 444 | 105,118.11 | 4.22 | 0.90 | (0.78, 1.03) | 0.1337 | 0.95 | (0.83, 1.10) | 0.5064 |
| Comorbidity | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 1299 | 302,769.11 | 4.29 | 0.99 | (0.88, 1.11) | 0.8432 | 0.90 | (0.81, 1.02) | 0.0903 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1434 | 340,394.88 | 4.21 | 0.86 | (0.75, 0.98)* | 0.0217 | 0.83 | (0.73, 0.95)** | 0.0064 |
| CAD | 501 | 118,617.33 | 4.22 | 0.98 | (0.89, 1.09) | 0.7390 | 0.81 | (0.72, 0.91)*** | < 0.001 |
| CVA | 232 | 49,746.67 | 4.66 | 1.12 | (0.97, 1.29) | 0.1104 | 0.94 | (0.81, 1.09) | 0.4146 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 11 | 4727.96 | 2.33 | 0.56 | (0.31, 1.01) | 0.0550 | 0.52 | (0.29, 0.94)* | 0.0316 |
| CKD | 139 | 22,806.02 | 6.09 | 1.52 | (1.27, 1.80)*** | < 0.001 | 1.22 | (1.01, 1.48)* | 0.0378 |
| Obesity | 48 | 15,511.91 | 3.09 | 0.70 | (0.53, 0.94)* | 0.0160 | 0.80 | (0.60, 1.06) | 0.1237 |
| Smoking | 51 | 15,660.61 | 3.26 | 0.77 | (0.59, 1.02) | 0.0718 | 0.80 | (0.61, 1.07) | 0.1313 |
| DCSI score | |||||||||
| 0–1 | 265 | 86,006.14 | 3.08 | 1.00 | (Reference) | – | 1.00 | (Reference) | – |
| 2 | 291 | 81,830.76 | 3.56 | 1.16 | (0.98, 1.37) | 0.0770 | 1.16 | (0.98, 1.38) | 0.0780 |
| ≥ 3 | 1147 | 226,637.35 | 5.06 | 1.70 | (1.48, 1.94)*** | < 0.001 | 1.72 | (1.48, 2.00)*** | < 0.001 |
| Anti-diabetic medications | |||||||||
| Sus | 1482 | 308,609.43 | 4.80 | 1.75 | (1.52, 2.01)*** | < 0.001 | 1.61 | (1.39, 1.86)*** | < 0.001 |
| TZDs | 617 | 126,566.9 | 4.87 | 1.15 | (1.04, 1.27)** | 0.0055 | 1.07 | (0.97, 1.19) | 0.1792 |
| GLP1Ras | 41 | 8048.34 | 5.09 | 1.11 | (0.82, 1.52) | 0.5017 | 1.10 | (0.81, 1.51) | 0.5310 |
| DPP4is | 633 | 134,779.32 | 4.70 | 1.09 | (0.99, 1.20) | 0.0950 | 0.99 | (0.90, 1.10) | 0.8572 |
CAD coronary artery disease, cHR crude hazard ratio, CKD chronic kidney disease, CVA cerebrovascular accident, DCSI diabetes complications severity index, DPP4is dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, DR diabetic retinopathy, GLP-1RAs glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, IR incidence rate, per 10,000 person-years, PY person-years, SD standard deviation, SMD standardized mean difference, SUs sulfonylureas, TZDs thiazolidinediones, 95% Cl 95% confidence interval.
†Adjusted hazard ratio estimated by multivariable analysis including sex, age, income, comorbidities, and anti-diabetic medications.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.