Table 1.
Study characteristics using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) to assess retinal microvasculature in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and healthy controls (HC).
| Author /Year | PD Criteria | Additional Scoring | trait | N of trait | Male (%) | Age (years) (mean ± SD) | Disease Duration (years) | BCVA of enrolled eyes (logMAR) (mean ± SD) | Treatment (%) | IOP of enrolled eyes (mean ± SD) | H&Y score | UPDRS score (mean ± SD) | MoCA or MMSE (mean ± SD) | Type of OCTA | Software OCTA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robbins 2021(A) [37] | MDS-PD | MoCA, MMSE |
PD HC |
69(124 eyes) 137(248 eyes) |
56.5 56.2 |
71.7 ± 7 70.9 ± 6.7 |
- | - | - | - | - | - |
MMSE 28.4 ± 2.4 29.0 ± 2.8 |
Zeiss Cirrus 5000 | AngioPlex |
| Robbins 2021 (B) [38] | MDS-PD | MoCA, H&Y |
PD HC |
81(151 eyes) 266(514 eyes) |
62 28 |
70.08 ± 8.44 70.16 ± 7.23 |
- | - | 95 Levodopa |
15.42 ± 2.90 16.57 ± 3.04 |
2.12 ± 0.62 | - | - | Zeiss Cirrus 5000 | AngioPlex |
| Murueta-Goyena 2021 [32] | PD UK Brain Bank criteria | UPDRS, MoCA |
PD PD-MCI PD-NC HC |
49(87 eyes) 18 31 40(73 eyes) |
65.3 61.1 67.8 32.5 |
64.6 ± 7.9 67.1 ± 8.9 63.1 ± 6.9 62.1 ± 8 |
7.1 ± 4.1 (0.4-19.4) 6.3 ± 4.4 7.5 ± 4.0 |
- | 100 Levodopa | - | - | 27.7 ± 7.7 |
MoCA 24.4 ± 4.1 25.7 ± 2.5 |
Heidelberg Spectralis OCTA | Spectralis |
| Zhang 2021 [39] | PD UK Brain Bank criteria | UPDRS-III, H&Y |
PD** HC |
42(75 eyes) 75(150 eyes) |
44.6 42.6 (eyes) |
55.92 ± 7.53 54.68 ± 6.66 |
2.04 ± 1.23 |
1 1 |
- |
13.19 ± 1.76 13.21 ± 2.08 |
1.42 ± 0.55 | 16.92 ± 7.6 | - | SVision | VG200 |
| Zhou 2021 [34] | PD UK Brain Bank criteria | MMSE, UPDRS-III, H&Y, NEI VFQ-25 |
PD* HC |
24(24 eyes) 23(23 eyes) |
75 47.8 |
65.88 ± 6.5 63.43 ± 7.11 |
5.3 ± 4.2 |
0.088 ± 0.122 0.097 ± 0.117 |
- |
14.7 ± 2.4 15.6 ± 2.8 |
2.0 ± 0.3 | 26.5 ± 12.3 | MMSE 28.5 ± 1.6 | Zeiss Cirrus 5000 | AngioPlex |
| Zou 2020 [30] | PD UK Brain Bank criteria | H&Y |
PD*** HC |
35(35 eyes) 35(35 eyes) |
45.7 57.1 |
61.86 ± 5.46 60.2 ± 6.75 |
3.2 ± 2.0 |
1.2 (0.8-1.5) 1.2 (1.0-1.2) |
- |
16.85 ± 2.03 16.74 ± 2.82 |
2 (1–2) | - | - | Zeiss Cirrus | AngioPlexTM |
| Rascunà 2020 [40] | MDS-PD | UPDRS-III, H&Y, MoCA |
PD HC |
21(41 eyes) 17(33 eyes) |
57.1 52.9 |
61.5 ± 6.5 65.1 ± 10.7 |
2.3 ± 1.2 | - | - | - | 1.9 ± 0.4 |
25.0 ± 6.9 3.2 ± 2.7 |
MoCA 21.8 ± 5.1 23.4 ± 3.6 | RTVue XR Avanti | AngioAnalytics |
| Shi 2019 [29] | PD UK Brain Bank criteria | H&Y |
PD* HC |
25(50 eyes) 25(50 eyes) |
52 52 |
61.9 ± 7.6 59 ± 5.8 |
3.7 ± 2.4 |
0.01 ± 0.09 0.02 ± 0.04 |
- |
14.5 ± 2.6 13.3 ± 1.5 |
2.2 ± 1.0 | - | - | RTVue XR Avanti | AngioVue |
| Kwapong 2017 [26] | PD UK Brain Bank criteria | H&Y |
PD* HC |
38(49 eyes) 28(34 eyes) |
- |
62.95 ± 7.97 61.18 ± 5.74 |
3.84 ± 2.80 |
0.96 ± 0.23 0.97 ± 0.18 |
- |
14.73 ± 2.75 9.32 ± 6.68 |
- | - | - | RTVue XR Avanti | AngioVue |
| Xu 2022 [35] | MDS-PD | H&Y, UPDRS, UPDRS III, MMSE, NMSS |
PD H-Y I H-Y II H-Y III HC |
115(115 eyes) 50(50 eyes) 46(46 eyes) 19(19 eyes) 67(67 eyes) |
44.35 38 52.2 42.1 43.28 |
63.61 ± 6.92 62.08 ± 6.73 65.35 ± 7.07 63.47 ± 6.41 62.01 ± 7.74 |
6.00 (4.00–8.00) 4.00 (3.00–6.00) 7.00 (5.00–9.00) 9.00 (7.00–12.00) |
0.35 ± 0.13 0.33 ± 0.13 0.35 ± 0.13 0.38 ± 0.130.35 ± 0.13 |
- |
15.53 ± 2.02 15.42 ± 2.19 15.74 ± 1.97 15.32 ± 1.67 15.36 ± 2.07 |
- |
33 (22–54) 20.5 (12.75–26.25) 44.5 (31.75–56) 69 (55–76) |
28 (26–29) 28 (27–30) 27 (25.75–29) 26.5 (23.5–29) MMSE |
Zeiss Cirrus 5000 | AngioPlex |
| Lin 2022 [7] | PD UK Brain Bank criteria | MDS-UPDRS III, H&Y, MMSE |
PD H-Y I H-Y ll+III HC |
49 20 22 45 |
44.9 40.0 54.5 24.4 |
66.41 ± 7.37 64.20 ± 6.05 66.41 ± 7.00 64.33 ± 11.78 |
5.32 ± 3.12 | - | - | - | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 29.1 ± 17.3 |
MMSE 25.7 ± 4.8 - - 28.8 ± 2.1 |
RTVue XR Avanti | AngioVue |
| Li 2022 [41] | MDS-PD | UPDRS-III, H&Y, MMSE, MoCA |
PD HC |
45(83 eyes) 43(83 eyes) |
51.1 48.8 |
61.36 ± 8.68 60.24 ± 6.53 |
3.60 ± 3.11 |
0.89 ± 0.19 0.93 ± 0.13 |
- |
13.08 ± 2.97 13.65 ± 3.03 |
1.64 ± 0.68 | 30.58 ± 15.54 | MMSE (PD: 26.42 ± 2.67/HC: 28.65 ± 1.22) MoCA (PD: 22.21 ± 4.41/HC: 27.11 ± 1.70) | RTVue XR Avanti | AngioVue |
| Satue 2022 [23] | MDS-PD | H&Y |
PD HC |
42(42 eyes) 146(146 eyes) |
- |
67.33 ± 9.65 64.9 ± 7.45 |
8.95 ± 6.58 | - | 100**** |
16.1 ± 2.54 15.3 ± 2.32 |
2.67 ± 0.68 | - | - | Triton SS-OCT-Angio | Topcon IMAGEnet |
PD Parkinson’s disease, N Number, BCVA Best corrected visual acuity, logMAR Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution, IOP Intraocular pressure, H&Y Hoehn and Yahr scale, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, OCTA Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography, MDS Movement Disorder Society, NEI VFQ-25 The National Eye Institute 25-Item Visual Function Questionnaire, MCI Mild cognitive impairment, NC Normal cognition, HC Healthy controls, NMSS Non-motor Symptoms Scale, SS-OCT Swept source optical coherence tomography.
-Data not reported. *Idiopathic PD/**early-stage PD/*** sporadic PD/****%95.24 treated with Levodopa, and %4.76 treated with Other without levodopa.