Table 5.
Association of inadequate intake with biochemical deficiency of micronutrients adjusted for sex and socioeconomic status
| Nutritional Adequacy n (%) |
Biochemical level of micronutrient | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deficiency | No deficiency | Crude OR (95 % CI) |
Adjusted OR (95 % CI) |
|
| Calcium | ||||
| Adequate | 92 (6⋅8) | 59 (6⋅5) | – | – |
| Inadequate | 1266 (93⋅2) | 850 (93⋅5) | 0⋅96 (0⋅68–1⋅34) P = 0⋅79 |
0⋅89 (0⋅63–1⋅26) P = 0⋅51 |
| Iron | ||||
| Adequate | 123 (11⋅0) | 185 (16⋅1) | – | – |
| Inadequate | 996 (89⋅0) | 961 (83⋅9) | 1⋅56 (1⋅22–1⋅99) P < 0⋅001 |
1⋅37 (1⋅07–1⋅76) P = 0⋅01 |
| Zinc | ||||
| Adequate | 6 (4⋅3) | 335 (17⋅7) | – | – |
| Inadequate | 132 (95⋅7) | 1553 (82⋅3) | 4⋅75 (2⋅08–10⋅85) P < 0⋅001 |
5⋅14 (2⋅24–11⋅78) P < 0⋅001 |
| Selenium | ||||
| Adequate | 84 (40⋅4) | 1292 (72⋅0) | – | – |
| Inadequate | 124 (59⋅6) | 503 (28⋅0) | 3⋅79 (2⋅82–5⋅10) P < 0⋅001 |
3⋅63 (2⋅70–4⋅89) P < 0⋅001 |
| Folate | ||||
| Adequate | 100 (19⋅8) | 502 (28⋅3) | – | – |
| Inadequate | 405 (80⋅2) | 1269 (71⋅7) | 1⋅60 (1⋅26–2⋅04) P < 0⋅001 |
1⋅59 (1⋅25–2⋅03) P < 0⋅001 |
| Vitamin B12 | ||||
| Adequate | 31 (4⋅1) | 101 (6⋅7) | – | – |
| Inadequate | 728 (95⋅9) | 1415 (93⋅3) | 1⋅68 (1⋅11–2⋅53) P = 0⋅01 |
1⋅62 (1⋅07–2⋅45) P = 0⋅02 |
| Vitamin Aa | ||||
| Adequate | 18 (10⋅3) | 72 (3⋅5) | – | – |
| Inadequate | 156 (89⋅7) | 2004 (96⋅5) | 0⋅31 (0⋅18–0⋅54) P < 0⋅001 |
0⋅31 (0⋅18–0⋅54) P < 0⋅001 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a
Deficiency or marginal deficiency.
Adequate is taken as reference.