Table 3.

Beta diversity results from a PERMANOVA for each measure of sociality, individual attributes (i.e. ID, sex, age class, location) and year. Italic values represent statistical significance (alpha = 0.05).

measure	d.f.	sums of sq.	mean sq.	F-model	R2	p-value
individual ID	158	21.007	0.133	1.089	0.635	< 0.001
year	1	0.574	0.574	4.517	0.0174	< 0.001
age class	1	0.195	0.195	1.517	0.00594	0.032
sex	1	0.488	0.488	3.832	0.0149	< 0.001
valley location	1	0.357	0.357	2.790	0.0109	< 0.001
group size	14	2.652	0.189	1.511	0.0807	< 0.001
colony area	16	2.963	0.185	1.481	0.09	< 0.001
degree	23	2.924	0.127	0.986	0.089	0.608
strength	129	16.687	0.129	1.008	0.508	0.392
closeness	74	9.765	0.132	1.035	0.297	0.119
eigenvector centrality	50	8.147	0.163	1.352	0.248	< 0.001
clustering coefficient	46	6.089	0.132	1.034	0.185	0.134
embeddedness	8	1.450	0.181	1.425	0.0441	< 0.001