Table 2.
Outcome comparison between lifting VR/control condition and rowing VR/control condition
| Lifting | Rowing | |||||||
| VR conditions | Control conditions | P-value | VR conditions | Control conditions | P-value | |||
| Pre exercise | SBP (mmHg) | 105.3 ± 11 | 108.5 ± 8.9 | 0.433 | 107.0 ± 10.2 | 106.9 ± 9.4 | 0.97 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70.1 ± 9.3 | 68.5 ± 8.6 | 0.647 | 69.6 ± 6.0 | 69.1 ± 9.0 | 0.85 | ||
| HR(Bpm) | 72.1 ± 14.4 | 68.3 ± 12.5 | 0.446 | 73.4 ± 15.3 | 68.2 ± 13.1 | 0.327 | ||
| RPE (lower limbs) | 6.0 (6.0 – 6.5) | 6.0 (6.0 – 6.0) | 0.866 | 6.0 (6.0 – 6.0) | 6.0 (6.0 – 6.0) | 0.916 | ||
| RPE(Chest) | 6.0 (6.0 – 6.0) | 6.0 (6.0 – 6.0) | 0.55 | 6.0 (6.0 – 6.0) | 6.0 (6.0 – 6.0) | 0.577 | ||
| During exercise | SBP (mmHg) | 108.2 ± 10.5 | 112.5 ± 13 | 0.394 | 108.7 ± 10.7 | 110.4 ± 10.9 | 0.777 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 68.8 ± 9.1 | 68.8 ± 8.9 | 1 | 71.3 ± 6.1 | 68.7 ± 9.0 | 0.451 | ||
| HR (Bpm) | 82.5 ± 12.7* | 71.6 ± 10.6 | 0.0166 | 80.1 ± 16.1 | 69.5 ± 12.1 | 0.0511 | ||
| RPE (lower limbs) | 9.0 (8.0 – 12.5) | 13.0 (11.0 – 13.0) | 0.0574 | 10.0 (7.0 – 11.0) | 10.0 (7.0 – 13.0) | 0.503 | ||
| RPE (Chest) | 7.0 (6.0 – 8.0) | 6.0 (6.0 – 9.0) | 0.7 | 7.0 (6.0 – 9.5) | 8.0 (6.0 – 9.0) | 1 | ||
| Post exercise | SBP (mmHg) | 109.1 ± 11.5 | 111.6 ± 9.6 | 0.529 | 115.3 ± 10.8 | 111.9 ± 10.3 | 0.375 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70.2 ± 7.7 | 72.0 ± 6.0 | 0.484 | 71.9 ± 6.5 | 71.7 ± 9.4 | 0.929 | ||
| HR (Bpm) | 87.1 ± 11.6 | 83.0 ± 9.8 | 0.308 | 94.2 ± 13.1* | 83.5 ± 12.0 | 0.0274 | ||
| RPE (lower limbs) | 7.0 (7.0 – 9.0) | 8.0 (7.0 – 11.5) | 0.419 | 8.0 (7.0 – 9.0) | 9.0 (6.0 – 11.5) | 0.411 | ||
| RPE (Chest) | 6.0 (6.0 – 7.0) | 6.0 (6.0 – 8.5) | 0.578 | 8.0 (6.0 – 9.0) | 7.0 (6.0 – 9.0) | 1 | ||
| Δ | SBP (During – Pre) | 2.9 ± 6.3 | 4.1 ± 7.1 | 0.626 | –2.0 (–4.5 – 9.5) | 1.0 (0.0 – 5.0) | 0.261 | |
| SBP (Post – Pre) | 3.8 ± 6.9 | 3.1 ± 5.1 | 0.766 | 8.0 (1.0 – 13.0) | 6.0 (2 – 8) | 0.37 | ||
| DBP (During – Pre) | –1.3 ± 7.8 | 0.2 ± 6.5 | 0.564 | 1.7 ± 7.6 | –0.3 ± 3.0 | 0.352 | ||
| DBP (Post – Pre) | 0.1 ± 6.5 | 3.5 ± 7.2 | 0.192 | 2.3 ± 6,8 | 2.6 ± 5.5 | 0.906 | ||
| HR (During – Pre) | 8.0 (6.0 – 12.0)* | 3.0 (–0.5 – 7) | 0.006 | 6.7 ± 14.4 | 1.2 ± 6.8 | 0.199 | ||
| HR (Post – Pre) | 14.9 ± 8.6 | 14.7 ± 8.6 | 0.933 | 20.8 ± 13.3 | 15.3 ± 9.3 | 0.203 | ||
| RPE (lower limbs) (During – Pre) | 3.0 (2.0 – 5.5) | 6.0 (4.5 – 7.0) | 0.08 | 2.0 (1.0 – 4.5) | 4.0 (1.0 – 6.0) | 0.346 | ||
| RPE (lower limbs) (Post – Pre) | 1.0 (0.0 – 3.0) | 2.0 (1.0 – 4.0) | 0.32 | 1.0 (0.0 – 2.5) | 3.0 (0.0 – 5.5) | 0.235 | ||
| RPE (Chest) (During – Pre) | 0.0 (0.0 – 1.0) | 0.0 (0.0 – 2.0) | 0.574 | 1.0 (0.0 – 3.5) | 2.0 (0.0 – 3.0) | 0.983 | ||
| RPE (Chest) (Post – Pre) | 1.0 (0.0 – 1.5) | 0.0 (0.0 – 1.5) | 0.619 | 2.0 (0.0 – 3.0) | 1.0 (0.0 – 3.0) | 0.983 | ||
| EMG | iEMG | 6184 ± 2703.7 | 4633.7 ± 1783.8 | 0.137 | 12388.0 ± 4554.5 | 10778.5 ± 5178.6 | 0.52 | |
| Salivary amylase | Pre | 3.0 (2.0 – 6.0) | 3.0 (2.0 – 4.5) | 0.578 | 3.0 (3.0 – 8.0) | 3.0 (2.0 – 13.5) | 0.881 | |
| Post | 7.0 (2.5 – 17.0) | 3.0 (2.0 – 7.0) | 0.176 | 5.0 (3.0 – 25.5) | 3.0 (3.0 – 4.5) | 0.22 | ||
| Δ | 0 (–1.0 – 1.0) | 1.0 (–1.0 – 10.0) | 0.336 | –1.0 (–7.0 – 1.5) | 1.0 (0.0 – 22.5) | 0.081 | ||
| POMS2 (Points) | ||||||||
| AH | Pre | 2.0 ± 2.8 | 2.0 ± 3.7 | 0.661 | 1.0 (0.0 – 3.5) | 2.0 (0 – 4.0) | 0.795 | |
| Post | 1.0 (0.0 – 1.0) | 0.0 (0.0 – 3.5) | 0.858 | 2.5 ± 3.0 | 2.9 ± 3.1 | 0.723 | ||
| Δ | –0.93 ± 1.87 | –0.87 ± 2.39 | 0.933 | 0.67 ± 1.84 | 0.20 ± 2.08 | 0.52 | ||
| CB | Pre | 10.8 ± 5.8 | 12.0 ± 6.9 | 0.61 | 13.7 ± 6.6 | 13.7 ± 5.7 | 0.977 | |
| Post | 10.7 ± 5.0 | 11.3 ± 6.4 | 0.777 | 13.1 ± 6.4 | 12.6 ± 5.0 | 0.802 | ||
| Δ | 7.0 (4.5 – 9.0) | 8.0 (6.0 – 9.5) | 0.404 | 0 (–2.0 – 0.5) | 0 (–2.5 – 1.0) | 0.817 | ||
| DD | Pre | 2.0 (0 – 4.5) | 4.0 (1.0 – 6.0) | 0.362 | 2.0 (0.5 – 9.5) | 5.0 (1.0 – 10) | 0.402 | |
| Post | 1.0 (0.0 – 4.0) | 2.0 (0.0 – 3.5) | 0.733 | 2.0 (0.0 – 10.5) | 3.0 (1.0 – 7.5) | 0.737 | ||
| Δ | –1.20 ± 2.46 | –0.47 ± 1.36 | 0.32 | –1.07 ± 2.87 | –0.33 ± 2.35 | 0.45 | ||
| FI | Pre | 3.0 (1.5 – 9.0) | 3.0 (1.5 – 9.0) | 0.884 | 6.9 ± 5.7 | 6.5 ± 5.0 | 0.84 | |
| Post | 4.0 (1.0 – 8.0) | 5.0 (1.5 – 9.0) | 0.818 | 6.9 ± 6.3 | 5.9 ± 5.1 | 0.637 | ||
| Δ | 0.0(–2.0 – 0.0) | 0.0 (–1.5 – 0.5) | 0.8 | –1.0 (–1.0–1.5) | 0.0 (–0.5 – 1.0) | 0.436 | ||
| TA | Pre | 9.5 ± 5.1 | 9.1 ± 5.7 | 0.814 | 11.3 ± 7.5 | 11.5 ± 4.9 | 0.931 | |
| Post | 8.1 ± 5.3 | 7.0 (3.5 – 10) | 0.812 | 10.4 ± 6.2 | 10.2 ± 4.6 | 0.921 | ||
| Δ | –1.40 ± 3.18 | –1.40 ± 2.69 | 1 | –1.33 ± 2.55 | –0.93 ± 2.37 | 0.66 | ||
| VA | Pre | 10.5 ± 6.2 | 7.9 ± 6.4 | 0.27 | 10.7 ± 5.0 | 11.0 ± 5.4 | 0.862 | |
| Post | 9.7 ± 7.1 | 10.7 ± 7.4 | 0.727 | 8.7 ± 7.1 | 9.4 ± 6.3 | 0.787 | ||
| Δ | 1.0 (–0.5 – 6.0) | 0.0 (–3.0 – 1.0) | 0.079 | –1.0 (–3.0 – 0.5) | –2.0 (–3.5 – 0.0) | 0.489 | ||
| F | Pre | 11.0 (7.0 – 13.5) | 10.0 (8.0 – 11.0) | 0.867 | 10.1 ± 4.1 | 11.8 ± 5.3 | 0.325 | |
| Post | 10.0 (10.0 – 12.0) | 10.0 (9.0 – 12.0) | 0.802 | 9.7 ± 4,6 | 10.7 ± 4.9 | 0.572 | ||
| Δ | 0.0 (–1.0 – 1.5) | 0.0 (–1.0 – 1.5) | 0.899 | –1.0 (–2.0 – 0.0) | 0.0 (–2.5 – 1.0) | 0.706 | ||
| TMD | Pre | 20.3 ± 21.3 | 26.5 ± 25.8 | 0.479 | 29.3 ± 27.5 | 29.1 ± 22.5 | 0.983 | |
| Post | 18.3 ± 19.9 | 19.0 ± 27.6 | 0.934 | 28.2 ± 29.1 | 27.2 ± 22.0 | 0.916 | ||
| Δ | –3.0 (–14.5 – 1.5) | –1.0 (–3.5 – 3.0) | 0.262 | 0.0 (–5.5 – 5.0) | –1.0 (–6.0 – 4.5) | 0.901 | ||
*p<0.05
SBP: systolic blood pressure
DBP: diastolic blood pressure
HR: heart rate
RPE: rating of perceived exertion
EMG: electromyography
iEMG: integrated electromyography
POMS2: Profile of Mood States 2nd Edition
AH: anger-hostility
CB: confusion–bewilderment
DD: depression–dejection
FI: fatigue–inertia
TA: tension–anxiety
VA: vigor–activity
F: friendliness
TMD: total mood disturbance