Table 3.
Meta-analysis of subgroup analyses on skill scores and performance time.
| Number of studies | SMD [95 % CI] | P-value | I2-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tool subgroups | ||||
| Vs. control group - skill score | ||||
| Overall test for differences | 16 | 0.32 | 15.1 % | |
| VR trainer | 8 | 1.63 [0.72, 2.54] | 0.0004 | 87 % |
| Immersive VR trainer | 4 | 1.56 [−0.42, 3.54] | 0.12 | 91 % |
| Robot trainer | 2 | 1.89 [0.22, 3.56] | 0.03 | 70 % |
| Coaching and Feedback tool | 2 | 2.24 [1.03, 3.46] | 0.0003 | 0 % |
| Serious game | 1 | – | – | – |
| Vs control group – performance time | ||||
| Overall test for differences | 9 | 0.93 | 0 % | |
| Digital box trainer | 1 | – | – | – |
| VR trainer | 6 | -1.07 [−1.87, −0.28] | 0.008 | 80 % |
| Immersive VR trainer | 2 | −1.05 [−1.72, −0.38] | 0.0.002 | 0 % |
| Trainings factors subgroups | ||||
| Training structure | ||||
| Skill score (vs control group) | 17 | 0.06 | 70.7 % | |
| Prescribed | 10 | 2.03 [1.02, 3.04] | <0.00001 | 88 % |
| Self-directed | 7 | 1.06 [0.45,1.68] | 0.0007 | 63 % |
| Performance time (vs control group) | 9 | 0.36 | 0 % | |
| Prescribed | 6 | −1.21 [−1.88, −0.54] | 0.0004 | 62 % |
| Self-directed | 3 | −0.68 [−1.59, 0.22] | 0.14 | 72 % |
| Training duration | ||||
| Skill score (vs control group) | 16 | 0.06 | 70.7 % | |
| Hours-days | 9 | 1.11 [0.47, 1.75] | 0.0006 | 74 % |
| Weeks-months | 7 | 2.38 [1.19, 3.58] | <0.0001 | 88 % |
| Performance time (vs control group) | 6 | 0.10 | 64.1 % | |
| Hours-days | 2 | −0.21 [−1.05, 0.62] | 0.61 | 38 % |
| Weeks-months | 4 | −1.12 [−1.79, −0.46] | 0.0009 | 62 % |