Table 1. Cross-Sectional COGA Cohort (n = 13 110) Descriptive Statistics for Sociodemographic, Alcohol-Related, Psychiatric Comorbidity, Electroencephalography, and AUD Polygenic Score Associations Organized by Diagnostic Groupa.
| Variables | % (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No criteria (n = 4684) | Single criterion (n = 1649) | Mild AUD (2-3 criteria) (n = 2184) | Moderate AUD (4-5 criteria) (n = 1295) | Mild-to-moderate AUD (n = 3479) | Severe AUD (≥6 criteria) (n = 3298) | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 28.0 (26.7-29.3) | 43.7 (41.3-46.1) | 52.7 (50.6-54.8) | 60.3 (57.6-62.9) | 55.5 (53.9-57.2) | 67.3 (65.6-68.8) |
| Female | 72.0 (70.7-73.3) | 56.3 (53.9-58.7) | 47.3 (45.2-49.4) | 39.7 (37.1-42.4) | 44.5 (42.8-46.1) | 32.7 (31.2-34.4) |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||
| African American or Black | 26.8 (25.6-28.1) | 18.2 (16.4-20.1) | 17.2 (15.7-18.9) | 20.5 (18.4-22.8) | 18.5 (17.2-19.8) | 24.0 (22.6-25.5) |
| Asian | 1.1 (0.8-1.5) | 0.7 (0.4-1.3) | 0.5 (0.3-0.9) | 0.6 (0.3-1.2) | 0.5 (0.3-0.9) | 0.6 (0.4-0.9) |
| Hispanic | 7.2 (6.5-8.0) | 6.5 (5.4-7.8) | 5.7 (4.8-6.7) | 5.3 (4.2-6.7) | 5.5 (4.8-6.4) | 6.1 (5.3-7.0) |
| Otherb | 2.4 (2.0-2.9) | 2.0 (1.4-2.8) | 1.6 (1.2-2.3) | 2.9 (2.1-3.9) | 2.1 (1.7-2.6) | 2.6 (2.1-3.2) |
| Unknown | 0.0 (0.0-0.2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 (0.0-0.2) |
| White | 69.6 (68.3-70.9) | 79.1 (77.0-81.0) | 80.6 (78.9-82.2) | 76.0 (73.6-78.2) | 78.9 (77.5-80.2) | 72.7 (71.2-74.2) |
| Income (median range), $ | 30 000-39 999 | 30 000-39 999 | 30 000-39 999 | 30 000-39 999 | 30 000-39 999 | 20 000-29 999 |
| Education, mean (SD), y | 13.0 (2.3) | 13.2 (2.2) | 13.1 (2.3) | 12.8 (2.2) | 13.0 (2.3) | 12.2 (2.2) |
| Relationship | ||||||
| Married or living as married | 52.1 (50.6-53.5) | 52.9 (50.5-55.3) | 49.1 (47.0-51.2) | 43.5 (40.8-46.2) | 47.0 (45.3-48.6) | 33.3 (31.7-34.9) |
| Never married | 31.2 (29.9-32.6) | 33.4 (31.1-35.7) | 36.7 (34.6-38.7) | 37.4 (34.8-40.1) | 36.9 (35.3-38.6) | 33.8 (32.2-35.4) |
| Separated or divorced | 12.7 (11.8-13.7) | 12.5 (11.0-14.2) | 13.0 (11.6-14.5) | 17.2 (15.2-19.4) | 14.6 (13.4-15.8) | 31.4 (29.8-33.0) |
| Widowed | 4.0 (3.5-4.6) | 1.2 (0.8-1.9) | 1.3 (0.9-1.9) | 1.9 (1.3-2.9) | 1.5 (1.2-2.0) | 1.6 (1.2-2.1) |
| Alcohol-related | ||||||
| Drinking every day for ≥1 wk | 16.8 (15.4-18.2) | 32.4 (30.2-34.7) | 53.1 (51.0-55.2) | 74.1 (71.6-76.4) | 60.9 (59.3-62.5) | 93.6 (92.7-94.4) |
| No. of drinks every day for ≥1 wk, mean (SD)c | 3.1 (3.0) | 4.4 (4.0) | 6.4 (6.1) | 8.8 (8.9) | 7.5 (7.6) | 16.1 (13.5) |
| Experienced blackouts | 11.2 (10.1-12.5) | 25.0 (23-27.2) | 41.3 (39.3-43.4) | 61.7 (59.0-64.3) | 48.9 (47.3-50.6) | 82.4 (81.1-83.7) |
| Age at first intoxication, mean (SD), y | 20.1 (6.6) | 17.8 (4.6) | 17.0 (4.3) | 16.4 (4.1) | 16.7 (4.3) | 15.3 (4.4) |
| Age at regular drinking, mean (SD), y | 22.1 (7.7) | 19.5 (5.0) | 18.7 (5.0) | 18.2 (5.0) | 18.5 (5.0) | 17.1 (4.9) |
| Maximum No. of drinks, mean (SD)d | 6.6 (6.6) | 12.5 (9.5) | 16.6 (11.5) | 22.0 (15.0) | 18.6 (13.2) | 34.1 (20.0) |
| Sought help/treatment | 0.7 (0.4-1.0) | 2.8 (2.1-3.7) | 8.8 (7.7-10.1) | 28.1 (25.7-30.6) | 16.0 (14.8-17.2) | 79.4 (78.0-80.8) |
| Psychiatric comorbidity | ||||||
| MDD | 14.0 (12.8-15.3) | 14.0 (12.0-16.2) | 15.4 (13.7-17.4) | 13.2 (11.1-15.8) | 14.7 (13.2-16.2) | 23.3 (21.4-25.4) |
| ASPDe | 2.5 (2.1-3.0) | 5.5 (4.4-6.7) | 8.1 (7.0-9.3) | 13.5 (11.7-15.5) | 10.1 (9.1-11.1) | 24.4 (22.9-25.9) |
| SUDf | 16.7 (15.6-17.7) | 31.8 (29.6-34.1) | 43.5 (41.4-45.6) | 59.2 (56.5-61.9) | 49.4 (47.7-51.0) | 80.0 (78.6-81.4) |
| Theta ERO, mean (SD) | 26.7 (18.1) | 25.9 (17.1) | 27.1 (17.6) | 23.8 (14.1) | 25.8 (16.5) | 20.5 (14.0) |
| Delta ERO, mean (SD) | 49.3 (29.5) | 49.4 (28.8) | 49.6 (36.5) | 42.8 (21.3) | 47 (31.8) | 38.1 (22.4) |
| P300 amplitude, mean (SD) | 17.5 (9.4) | 18 (8.9) | 18.2 (9.5) | 16.8 (8.6) | 17.6 (9.2) | 13.9 (8.3) |
| AUD PGS, % in top quintile (95% CI)g | 16.8 (15.3-18.3) | 17.5 (15.1-20.2) | 20.4 (18.2-22.7) | 23.4 (20.5-26.5) | 21.5 (19.8-23.4) | 23.4 (21.6-25.3) |
Abbreviations: ASPD, antisocial personality disorder; AUD, alcohol use disorder; COGA, Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism; DSM-IV and DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition and Fifth Edition; ERO, event-related oscillation; MDD, major depressive disorder; PGS, polygenic score; SUD, comorbid substance use disorder.
Comparison sample sizes varied across correlates according to patterns of missing data (eTable 2 in Supplement 1).
Other race and ethnicity comprises Native American, Pacific Islander, and self-declared “other” race.
Sample sizes for maximum number of drinks consumed every day during period of drinking every day for ≥1 week are restricted based on endorsement of ever drinking every day for ≥1 week.
Maximized over available interviews.
Nonsignificant difference between odds ratio for mild vs moderate AUD and odds ratio for moderate vs severe AUD. For all alcohol-related and psychiatric comorbidity variables, rank-biserial correlations from Wilcoxon rank sum tests for continuous measures were converted to odds ratios and compared with odds ratios calculated from Fisher exact tests for dichotomous measures. Significant differences in odds ratios were calculated using z statistics computed from log odds differences divided by pooled standard error estimates. All other comparisons were significant at 2-tailed P < .05 with differences between moderate and severe AUD being larger than differences between mild and moderate AUD.
DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, cocaine use disorder, opiate use disorder, simulant use disorder, sedative use disorder, and other drug use disorder and DSM-IV nicotine dependence.
Based on AUD PGS quintiles calculated separately by ancestral subsample prior to combined presentation.